DNA Molecules Encoding L-Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channels From Rhipicephalus Sanguineus

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates in part to isolated nucleic acid molecules (polynucleotides) which encode  Rhipicephalus sanguineus  glutamate gated chloride channels. The present invention also relates to recombinant vectors and recombinant hosts which contain a DNA fragment encoding  R. sanguineus  glutamate gated chloride channels, substantially purified forms of associated  R. sanguineus  glutamate gated chloride channels and recombinant membrane fractions comprising these proteins, associated mutant proteins, and methods associated with identifying compounds which modulate associated  Rhipicephalus sanguineus  glutamate gated chloride channels, which will be useful as insecticides.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional application of U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/239,588, allowed, which is the §371 National Stageprosecution of PCT International Application Serial No. PCT/US01/09905,having an international filing date of Mar. 28, 2001, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), to provisional application U.S. Ser.No. 60/193,934, filed Mar. 31, 2000, now expired.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED R&D

Not Applicable

REFERENCE TO MICROFICHE APPENDIX

Not Applicable

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in part to isolated nucleic acid molecules(polynucleotides) which encode Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)glutamate-gated chloride channels.

The present invention also relates to recombinant vectors andrecombinant hosts which contain a DNA fragment encoding R. sanguineusglutamate-gated chloride channels, substantially purified forms ofassociated R. sanguineus glutamate-gated chloride channels andrecombinant membrane fractions comprising these proteins, associatedmutant proteins, and methods associated with identifying compounds whichmodulate associated Rhipicephalus sanguineus glutamate-gated chloridechannels, which will be useful as insecticides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glutamate-gated chloride channels, or H-receptors, have been identifiedin arthropod nerve and muscle (Lingle et al, 1981, Brain Res. 212:481-488; Horseman et al., 1988, Neurosci. Lett. 85: 65-70; Wafford andSattelle, 1989, J. Exp. Bio. 144: 449-462; Lea and Usherwood, 1973,Comp. Gen. Parmacol. 4: 333-350; and Cull-Candy, 1976, J. Physiol. 255:449-464).

Invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels are important targets forthe widely used avermectin class of anthelmintic and insecticidalcompounds. The avermectins are a family of macrocyclic lactonesoriginally isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. Thesemisynthetic avermectin derivative, ivermectin(22,23-dihydro-avermectin B_(1α)), is used throughout the world to treatparasitic helminths and insect pests of man and animals. The avermectinsremain the most potent broad spectrum endectocides exhibiting lowtoxicity to the host. After many years of use in the field, thereremains little resistance to avermectin in the insect population. Thecombination of good therapeutic index and low resistance stronglysuggests that the glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels remain goodtargets for insecticide development.

Glutamate-gated chloride channels have been cloned from the soilnematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Cully et al., 1994, Nature 371:707-711; see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,703 and Arena et al., 1992,Molecular Brain Research. 15: 339-348) and Ctenocephalides felis (flea;see WO 99/07828).

In addition, a gene encoding a glutarnate-gated chloride channel fromDrosophila melanogaster was previously identified (Cully et al., 1996,J. Biol. Chem. 271: 20187-20191; see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,492).

Despite the identification of the aforementioned cDNA clones encodingGluCl channels, it would be advantageous to identify additional geneswhich encode R. sanguineus GluCl channels in order to allow for improvedscreening to identify novel GluCl channel modulators that may haveinsecticidal, acaricidal and/or nematocidal activity for animal health,especially as related to treatment of tick and mite infestation in dogs,cats, cattle, sheep and other agriculturally important animals. Thepresent invention addresses and meets these needs by disclosing novelgenes which express a P sanguineus GluGl1 and R. sanguineus GluGl2channel wherein expression of these R. sanguineus GluCl RNAs in Xenopusoocytes or other appropriate host cells result in an active GluClchannel. Heterologous expression of a GluCl channel of the presentinvention will allow the pharmacological analysis of compounds activeagainst parasitic invertebrate species relevant to animal and humanhealth, especially in the treatment of tick infestations in dogs andcats. Heterologous cell lines expressing an active GluCl channel can beused to establish functional or binding assays to identify novel GluClchannel modulators that may be useful in control of the aforementionedspecies groups.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an isolated or purified nucleic acidmolecule (polynucleotide) which encodes a novel Rhipicephalus sanguineus(brown dog tick) invertebrate GluCl1 channel protein. The DNA moleculesdisclosed herein may be transfected into a host cell of choice whereinthe recombinant host cell provides a source for substantial levels of anexpressed functional single, homomultimeric or heteromultimeric LGIC.Such functional ligand-gated ion channels may possibly respond to otherknown ligands which will in turn provide for additional screeningtargets to identify modulators of these channels, modulators which mayact as effective insecticidal, mitacidal and/or nematocidal treatmentfor use in animal and human health and/or crop protection.

The present invention relates to an isolated or purified nucleic acidmolecule (polynucleotide) which encodes a novel Rhipicephalus sanguineusinvertebrate GluCl2 channel protein.

The present invention further relates to an isolated nucleic acidmolecule (polynucleotide) which encodes mRNA which expresses a novelRhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl1 channel protein, this DNA moleculecomprising the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO:1, SEQID NO:3, and SEQ ID NO:5.

The present invention further relates to an isolated nucleic acidmolecule (polynucleotide) which encodes mRNA which expresses a novelRhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl2 channel protein, this DNA moleculecomprising the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO:7.

The present invention also relates to biologically active fragments ormutants of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5 and 7 which encodes mRNA expressing anovel Rhipicephalus sanguineus invertebrate GluCI1 or GluCl2 channelprotein, respectively. Any such biologically active fragment and/ormutant will encode either a protein or protein fragment which at leastsubstantially mimics the pharmacological properties of a R. sanguineusGluCl channel protein, including but not limited to the R. sanguineusGluCl1 channel proteins as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, andSEQ ID NO:6 as well as the respective GluCl2 channel protein as setforth in SEQ ID NO:8. Any such polynucleotide includes but is notnecessarily limited to nucleotide substitutions, deletions, additions,amino-terminal truncations and carboxy-terminal truncations such thatthese mutations encode mRNA which express a functional R. sanguineusGluCl channel in a eukaryotic cell, such as Xenopus oocytcs, so as to beuseful for screening for agonists and/or antagonists of R. sanguineusGCuCl activity.

A preferred aspect of this portion of the present invention is disclosedin FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1; designated T12), FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:3; designatedT82) and FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:5; designated T32) encoding novelRhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl1 proteins, and FIG. 7 (SEQ ID NO:7,designated B1) encoding a novel Rhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl2 protein.

The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may includea deoxyribonucleic acid molecule (DNA), such as genomic DNA andcomplementary DNA (cDNA), which may be single (coding or noncodingstrand) or double stranded, as well as synthetic DNA, such as asynthesized, single stranded polynucleotide. The isolated nucleic acidmolecule of the present invention may also include aribonucleic acidmolecule (RNA).

The present invention also relates to recombinant vectors andrecombinant host cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, which containthe substantially purified nucleic acid molecules disclosed throughoutthis specification.

The present invention also relates to a substantially purified form ofan R. sanguineus GluCl1 channel protein, which comprises the amino acidsequence disclosed in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:4) andFIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO:6), as well as to a novel Rhipicephatus sanguineusGluCl2 protein, which comprises the amino acid sequence disclosed inFIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:8).

A preferred aspect of this portion of the present invention is a R.sanguineus GluCl1 channel protein which consists of the amino acidsequence disclosed in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:4) andFIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO:6).

Another preferred aspect of this portion of the present invention is aR. sanguineus GluCl2 channel protein which consists of the amino acidsequence disclosed in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:8).

Another preferred aspect of the present invention relates to asubstantially purified, fully processed (including any proteolyticprocessing, glycosylation and/or phosphorylation) mature GluCl channelprotein obtained from a recombinant host cell containing a DNAexpression vector comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNOs: 1, 3, 5 and/or 7 and expresses the respective RsGluCl1 or RsGluCl2precursor protein. It is especially preferred that the recombinant hostcell be a eukaryotic host cell, including but not limited to a mammaliancell line, an insect cell line such as an S2 cell line, or Xenopusoocytes.

Another preferred aspect of the present invention relates to asubstantially purified membrane preparation, partially purified membranepreparation, or cell lysate which has been obtained from a recombinanthost cell transformed or transfected with a DNA expression vector whichcomprises and appropriately expresses a complete open reading frame asset forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5 and/or 7, resulting in a functionalform of the respective RsGluCl1 or RsGluCl2 channel. The subcellularmembrane fractions and/or membrane-containing cell lysates from therecombinant host cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic as well as bothstably and transiently transformed or transfected cells) contain thefunctional proteins encoded by the nucleic acids of the presentinvention. This recombinant-based membrane preparation may comprise a R.sanguineus GluCl channel and is essentially free from contaminatingproteins, including but not limited to other R. sanguineus sourceproteins or host proteins from a recombinant cell which expresses theT12 (SEQ ID NO:2), T82 (SEQ ID NO:4) 732 (SEQ ID NO:6) GluCl channelprotein and/or the B1 (SEQ ID NO:8) GluCl2 channel protein. Therefore, apreferred aspect of the invention is a membrane preparation whichcontains a R. sanguineus GluCl channel comprising a GluCl proteincomprising the functional form of the full length GluCl1 channelproteins as disclosed in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2; T12), FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:4;T82), and FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO:6, T32) and or a functional form of the fulllength GluCl2 channel protein as disclosed in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:8; B1).These subcellular membrane fractions will comprise either wild-type ormutant variations which are biologically functional forms of the R.sanguineus GluCl channels, any homomultimeric or heteromultimericcombination thereof (e.g., including but not

The present invention also relates to biologically active fragmentsand/or mutants of a R. sanguineus GluCl1 channel protein, comprising theamino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4 and/or 6, as well asbiologically active fragments and/or mutants of a R. sanguineus GluCl2channel protein, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:8, including but not necessarily limited to amino acidsubstitutions, deletions, additions, amino terminal truncations andcarboxy-terminal truncations such that these mutations provide forproteins or protein fragments of diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylacticuse and would be useful for screening for selective modulators,including but not limited to agonists and/for antagonists for R.sanguineus GluCl1 channel pharmacology.

A preferred aspect of the present invention is disclosed in FIG. 2 (SEQID NO:2), FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:4), FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO:6) and FIG. 8 (SEQ IDNO:8), respective amino acid sequences which comprise the R. sanguineusGluCl1 and GluCl2 proteins of the present invention, respectively.Characterization of one or more of these channel-proteins allows forscreening methods to identify novel GluCl channel modulators that mayhave insecticidal, mitacidal and/or nematocidal activity for animalhealth or crop protection. As noted above, heterologous expression of aRhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl channel will allow the pharmacologicalanalysis of compounds active against parasitic invertebrate speciesrelevant to animal and human health, especially dogs and cats, which areknown to suffer from frequent tick infestations. Heterologous cell linesexpressing a functional RsGluCl1 channel (e.g., functional forms of SEQID NOs:2, 4 and/or 6) or RsGluCl2 channel (e.g., a functional form ofSEQ ID NO:8), can be used to establish functional or binding assays toidentify novel GluCl channel modulators that may be useful in control ofthe aforementioned species groups.

The present invention also relates to polyclonal and monoclonalantibodies raised in response to the disclosed forms of RsGluCl1 and/orRsGluCl2, or a biologically active fragment thereof.

The present invention also relates to RsGluCl1 and/or RsGluCl2 fusionconstructs, including but not limited to fusion constructs which expressa portion of the RsGluCl linked to various markers, including but in noway limited to GFP (Green fluorescent protein), the MYC epitope, andGST. Any such fusion constructs may be expressed in the cell line ofinterest and used to screen for modulators of one or more of the RsGluClproteins disclosed herein.

The present invention relates to methods of expressing R. sanguineusGluCl1 and/or RsGluCl2 channel proteins and biological equivalentsdisclosed herein, assays employing these gene products, recombinant hostcells which comprise DNA constructs which express these proteins, andcompounds identified through these assays which act as agonists orantagonists of GluCl channel activity.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an isolated nucleicacid molecule (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, and 7) which encodes a novelform of R. sanguneus GluCl, or fragments, mutants or derivativesRsGluCl1 or RsGluCl2, these proteins as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6and 8, respectively. Any such polynucleotide includes but is notnecessarily limited to nucleotide substitutions, deletions, additions,amino-terminal truncations and carboxy-terminal truncations such thatthese mutations encode mRNA which express a protein or protein fragmentof diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic use and would be useful forscreening for selective modulators for invertebrate GluCl pharmacology.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the R.sanguineus-GluCl proteins or protein fragments encoded by the nucleicacid molecules referred to in the preceding paragraph.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide recombinantvectors and recombinant host cells which comprise a nucleic acidsequence encoding R. sanguineus GluCl proteins or a biologicalequivalent thereof.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a substantiallypurified form of R. sanguineus GluCl1 or GluCl2 proteins, respectively,as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, and 8.

Is another object of the present invention to provide a substantiallypurified recombinant form of a R. sanguineus GluCl protein which hasbeen obtained from a recombinant host cell transformed or transfectedwith a DNA expression vector which comprises and appropriately expressesa complete open reading frame as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, and7, resulting in a functional, processed form of the respective RsGluClchannel. It is especially preferred that the recombinant host cell be aeukaryotic host cell, such as a mammalian cell line.

It is an object of the present invention to provide for biologicallyactive fragments and/or mutants of R. sanguineus GluCl1 or GluCl2proteins, respectively, such as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, and 8,including but not necessarily limited to amino acid substitutions,deletions, additions, amino terminal truncations and carboxy-terminaltruncations such that these mutations provide for proteins or proteinfragments of diagnostic, therapeutic and/or prophylactic use.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide forsubstantially purified subcellular membrane preparation, partiallypurified membrane preparation or crude lysate from recombinant cellswhich comprise a pharmacologically active R. sanguineus GluCl1 orGluCl2-containing single, homomultimeric or hetermultimer channel,respectively, especially subcellular fractions obtained from a host celltransfected or transformed with a DNA vector comprising a nucleotidesequence which encodes a protein which comprises the amino acid as setforth in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:4), FIG. 6 (SEQ IDNO:6), and FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:8).

It is another object of the present invention to provide a substantiallypurified membrane preparation, partially purified membrane preparation,or crude lysate obtained from a recombinant host cell transformed ortransfected with a DNA expression vector which comprises andappropriately expresses a complete open reading frame as set forth inSEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, and/or 7, resulting in a functional, processed formof the respective RsGluCl channel. It is especially preferred is thatthe recombinant host cell be a eukaryotic host cell, including but notlimited to a mammalian cell line, an insect cell line such as an S2 cellline, or Xenopus oocytes.

It is also an object of the present invention to use R. sanguineus GluClproteins or membrane preparations containing R. sanguineus GluClproteins or a biological equivalent to screen for modulators, preferablyselective modulators, of R. sanguineus GluCl channel activity. Any suchcompound may be useful in screening for and selecting compounds activeagainst parasitic invertebrate species relevant to animal and humanhealth. Such species include but are not limited to worms, fleas, ticks,mites and lice. These membrane preparations may be generated fromheterologous cell lines expressing these GluCls and may constitute fulllength protein, biologically active fragments of the full length proteinor may rely on fusion proteins expressed from various fusion constructswhich may be constructed with materials available in the art.

As used herein, “substantially free from other nucleic acids” means atleast 90%, preferably 95%, more preferably 99%, and even more preferably99.9%, free of other nucleic acids. As used interchangeably with theterms “substantially free from other nucleic acids” or “substantiallypurified” or “isolated nucleic acid” or “purified nucleic acid” alsorefer to a DNA molecules which comprises a coding region for a R.sanguineus GluCl protein that has been purified away from other cellularcomponents. Thus, a R. sanguineus GluCl DNA preparation that issubstantially free from other nucleic acids will contain, as a percentof its total nucleic acid, no more than 10%, preferably no more than 5%,more preferably no more than 1%, and even more preferably no more than0.1%, of non-R. sanguineus CluCl nucleic acids. Whether a given R.sanguineus GluCl DNA preparation is substantially free from othernucleic acids can be determined by such conventional techniques ofassessing nucleic acid purity as, e.g., agarose gel electrophoresiscombined with appropriate staining methods, e.g., ethidium bromidestaining, or by sequencing.

As used herein, “substantially free from other proteins” or“substantially purified” means at least 90%, preferably 95%, morepreferably 99%, and even more preferably 99.9%, free of other proteins.Thus, a R. sanguineus GluCl protein preparation that is substantiallyfree from other proteins will contain, as a percent of its totalprotein, no more than 10%, preferably no more than 5%, more preferablyno more than 1%, and even more preferably no more than 0.1%, of non-R.sanguineus GluCl proteins. Whether a given R. sanguineus GluCl proteinpreparation is substantially free from other proteins can be determinedby such conventional techniques of assessing protein purity as, e.g.,sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)combined with appropriate detection methods, e.g., silver staining orimmunoblotting. As used interchangeably with the terms “substantiallyfree from other proteins” or “substantially purified”, the terms“isolated R. sanguineus GluCl protein” or “purified R. sanguineus GluClprotein” also refer to R. sanguineus GluCl protein that has beenisolated from a natural source. Use of the term “isolated” or “purified”indicates that R. sanguineus GluCl protein has been removed from itsnormal cellular environment. Thus, an isolated R. sanguineus GluClprotein may be in a cell-free solution or placed in a different cellularenvironment from that in which it occurs naturally. The term isolateddoes not imply that an isolated R. sanguineus GluCl protein is the onlyprotein present, but instead means that an isolated R. sanguineus GluClprotein is substantially free of other proteins and non-amino acidmaterial (e.g., nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates) naturallyassociated with the K sanguineus GluCl protein in vivo. Thus, a R.sanguineus GluCl protein that is recombinantly expressed in aprokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and substantially purified from this hostcell which does not naturally (i.e., without intervention) express thisGluCl protein is of course “isolated R. sanguineus GluCl protein” underany circumstances referred to herein. As noted above, a R. sanguineusGluCl protein preparation that is an isolated or purified R. sanguineusGluCl protein will be substantially free from other proteins willcontain, as a percent of its total protein, no more than 10%, preferablyno more than 5%, more preferably no more than 1%, and even morepreferably no more than 0.1%, of non-R. sanguineus GluCl proteins.

As used interchangeably herein, “functional equivalent” or “biologicallyactive equivalent” means a protein which does not have exactly the sameamino acid sequence as naturally occurring R. sanguineus GluCl, due toalternative splicing, deletions, mutations, substitutions, or additions,but retains substantially the same biological activity as k sanguineusGluCl. Such functional equivalents will have significant amino acidsequence identity with naturally occurring R. sanguineus GluCl and genesand cDNA encoding such functional equivalents can be detected by reducedstringency hybridization with a DNA sequence encoding naturallyoccurring R. sanguineus GluCl. For example, a naturally occurring R.sanguineus GluCl1 protein disclosed herein comprises the amino acidsequence shown as SEQ ID NO:2 and is encoded by SEQ ID NO:1. A nucleicacid encoding a functional equivalent has at least about 50% identity atthe nucleotide level to SEQ ID NO:1.

As used herein, “a conservative-amino acid substitution” refers to thereplacement of one amino acid residue by another, chemically similar,amino-acid residue. Examples of such conservative substitutions are:substitution of one hydrophobic residue (isoleucine, leucine, valine, ormethionine) for another; substitution of one polar residue for anotherpolar residue of the same charge (e.g., arginine for lysine; glutamicacid for aspartic acid).

As used herein, “LGIC” refers to a—ligand-gated ion channel

As used herein, “GluCl” refers to—L-glutamnate gated chloride channel

As used herein, “RsGluCl” refers to—Rhipicephalus sanguineus L-glutamategated chloride channel.

Furthermore, as used herein “RsGluCl” may refer to RsGluCl1 and/orRsGluCl2.

As used herein, the term “mammalian” will refer to any mammal, includinga human being.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl1 cDNAclone, T12, set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl1protein, T12, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

FIG. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl1 cDNAclone, T82, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

FIG. 4 shows the amino acid sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl1protein, T82, as set forth in SEQ ED NO:4.

FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl1 cDNAclone, T32, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

FIG. 6 shows the amino acid sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl1protein, T32, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

FIG. 7 shows the nucleotide sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl2 cDNAclone, B1, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7.

FIG. 8 shows the amino acid sequence of the R. sanguineus GluCl2protein, B1, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.

FIG. 9 shows the amino acid sequence comparison for RsGluCl1 T12 (SEQ IDNO:2), T82 (SEQ ID NO:4), T32 (SEQ ID NO:6) and RsGluCl2 (B1, SEQ IDNO:8) proteins.

FIG. 10 shows the glutamate-activated current in Xentopus oocytesinjected with RsGluCl1 T12 RNA. Current activation was maximal with ˜10μM glutamate and no current was seen in uninjected oocytes.

FIG. 11 shows the activation by ivermectin of RsGluCl2 expressed inXenopus oocytes. Current activation was maximal with ˜1 μM ivermectin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule(polynucleotide) which encodes a Rhipicephalus sanguineus invertebrateGluCl channel protein. The isolated or purified nucleic acid moleculesof the present invention are substantially free from other nucleicacids. For most cloning purposes, DNA is a preferred nucleic acid. Asnoted above, the DNA molecules disclosed herein may be transfected intoa host cell of choice wherein the recombinant host cell provides asource for substantial levels of an expressed functional single,homomultimeric or heteromultimeric GluCl channel. Such functionalligand-gated ion channels may possibly respond to other known ligandswhich will in turn provide for additional screening targets to identifymodulators of these channels, modulators which may act as effectiveinsecticidal, mitacidal and/or nematocidal treatment for use in animaland human health and/or crop protection. It is shown herein that RsGluCl1 exhibits a current in response to glutamate and that an RsGluCl2channel protein expressed in Xenopus oocytes exhibit a current inresponse to the addition of ivermectin phosphate. However, it should benoted that a single channel subunit protein might not form a functionalchannel, such as seen with the GABA-A subunit gamma, which does notexpress a functional homomultimer. Therefore, the expressed proteins ofthe present invention may function in vivo as a component of a wild typeligand-gated ion channel which contains a number of accessory and/orchannel proteins, including the channel proteins disclosed herein.However, the GluCl proteins of the present invention need not directlymimic the wild type channel in order to be useful to the skilledartisan. Instead, the ability to form a functional, single, membraneassociated channel within a recombinant host cell renders these proteinsamenable to the screening methodology known in the art and described inpart within this specification. Therefore, as noted within thisspecification, the disclosed Rs channel proteins of the presentinvention are useful as single functional channels, as a homomultimericchannel or as a heteromultimeric channel with various proteins disclosedherein with or without additional Rs channel subunit proteins oraccessory proteins which may contribute to the full, functional GluClchannel. As noted above, the DNA molecules disclosed herein may betransfected into a host cell of choice wherein the recombinant host cellprovides a source for substantial levels of an expressed functionalsingle, homomultimeric or heteromultimeric GluCl. Such functionalligand-gated ion channels may possibly respond to other known ligandswhich will in turn provide for additional screening targets to identifymodulators of these channels, modulators which may act as effectiveinsecticidal, mitacidal and/or nematocidal treatment for use in animaland human health and/or crop protection

The present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule(polynucleotide) which encodes mRNA which expresses a novelRhipicephalus sanguineus invertebrate GluCl1 channel protein, this DNAmolecule comprising the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein as SEQ IDNO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5.

The present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid moleculepolynucleotide) which encodes mRNA which expresses a novel Rhipicephalussanguineus invertebrate GluCl2 channel protein, this DNA moleculecomprising the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO:7.

The isolation and characterization of the RsGluCl nucleic acid moleculesof the present invention were identified as described in detail inExample Section 1. These cDNA molecules, as discussed herein, areespecially useful to establish novel insecticide screens, validatepotential lead compounds with insecticidal activity, especially for usein treating cattle, dog and cat tick and mite infestations or that maykill other arachnids, and use these novel cDNA sequences ashybridization probes to isolate related genes from other organisms toestablish additional pesticide drug screens. The RsGluCl1 and RsGluCl2encoding cDNAs of the present invention were isolated from the brown dogtick species Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The DNA sequence predictsproteins that share common features with the class of chloride channelssensitive to glutamate and ivermectin. When the RsGluCl1 or RsGluCl2cDNAs are expressed in Xenopus oocytes, a glutamate andivermectin-sensitive channel is observed. The pharmacology of compoundsthat act at these channels would likely be different between thesespecies. By screening on the arachnid channel it will be more likely todiscover arachnid-specific compounds. Therefore, the cDNAs of thepresent invention can be expressed in cell lines or other expressionsystems and used for competition binding experiments or for functionalchloride channel assays to screen for compounds that activate, block ormodulate the channel.

Invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are related tothe glycine- and GABA-gated chloride channels and are distinct from theexcitatory glutamate receptors (e.g. NMDA or AMPA receptors). The firsttwo members of the GluCl family were identified in the nematode C.elegans, following a functional screen for the receptor of theanthelmintic drug ivermectin. Several additional GluCls have now beencloned in other invertebrate species. However, there is no evidence yetfor GluCl counterparts in vertebrates; because of this, GluCls areexcellent targets for anthelmintics, insecticides, acaricides, etc.Specific GluCl modulators, such as nodulisporic acid and its derivativeshave an ideal safety profile because they lack mechanism-based toxicityin vertebrates. The present invention relates in part to three novel R.sanguineus GluCl1 clones, T12, T82 and T32, and a R. sanguineus GluCl2clone, B1. The RsGluCl1 cDNAs were isolated by low stringencyhybridization using a Drosophila GluCl probe representing the putativemembrane spanning domains, M1, M2 and M3. The RsGluCl2 cDNA was isolatedby PCR using degenerate primers representing conserved regions in amino-and the M2-domains of the GluCl proteins of Drosophila, flea (C. felis),and C. elegans. It appears that RNA editing (A to G transitions) occurin these cDNAs and have resulted in some amino acid changes.RsGluCl1-T12 and T82 are similar except for one amino acid differencewhile RsGluCl1-T32 contains two additional exons in the coding region.

The present invention relates to the isolated or purified DNA moleculedescribed in FIG. 1 (T12) and set forth as SEQ ID NO:1, which encodesthe P sanguineus GluCl1 protein described in FIG. 2 and set forth as SEQID NO:2, the nucleotide sequence of T12 is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1)    1 CGCTCCCCCA ATCCTGAGGT TCCTTCTAAC GAGAAGGAGGAGCCACAGCG CCGGCTGCGG   61 TACCGCCGCA CGGGCCAACG TGAGACCGCC CGAGCCCGGCGCCCTGACTT AGGCCGCTGA  121 GCGAAACCCA AGGCGGCGCG CTGGCCACTC CACGGGAACGAGACCGGCCC CCTGGAGACG  181 ACATCGTCGA CCACAATGAA CTACTTCTCT GACGTGGCGAAGATGGTGGC TTCATCGAAG  241 AGAGAAATCA TCGAAGCTTT CCACGCGACA TCTGGAGTACACGGCGCATG CGAATGAGCG  301 AACATCGCTG ACCGAGACTC GCCCGTCACC ATGAGCGTACATTCATGGCG CTTTTGTGTC  361 CCACTGGTGG CTCTAGCGTT TTTCTTGTTG ATTCTTCTGTCGTGTCCATC GGCATGGGGC  421 AAGGCAAATT TCCGCGCTAT AGAAAAGCGG ATATTGGACACCATCATTGG CCAGGGTCGT  481 TATGACTGCA GGATCCGGCC CATGGGAATT AACAACACAGACGGGCCGGC TCTTGTACGC  541 GTTAACATCT TTGTAAGAAG TATCGGCAGA ATTGATGACGTCACCATGGA GTACACAGTG  601 CAAATGACGT TCAGAGAGCA GTGGCGGGAC GAGAGACTCCAGTACGACGA CTTGGGCGGC  661 CAGGTTCGCT ACCTGACGCT CACCGAACCG GACAAGCTTTGGAAGCCGGA CCTGTTTTTC  721 TCCAACGAGA AAGAGGGACA CTTCCACAAC ATCATCATGCCCAACGTGCT TCTACGCATA  781 CATCCCAACG GCGACGTTCT CTTCAGCATC AGAATATCCTTGGTGCTTTC ATGTCCGATG  841 AACCTGAAAT TTTATCCTTT GGATAAACAA ATCTGCTCTATCGTCATGGT GAGCTATGGG  901 TATACAACAG AGGACCTGGT GTTTCTATGG AAAGAGGGGGATCCTGTACA GGTCACAAAA  961 AATCTCCACT TGCCACGTTT CACGCTGGAA AGGTTTCAAACCGACTACTG CACCAGTCGG 1021 ACCAACACTG GCGAGTACAG CTGCTTGCGC GTGGACCTGGTGTTCAAGCG CGAGTTCAGC 1081 TACTACCTGA TCCAGATCTA CATCCCGTGC TGCATGCTGGTCATCGTGTC CTGGGTGTCG 1141 TTCTGGCTCG ACCCCACCTC GATCCCGGCG CGAGTGTCGCTGGGCGTCAC CACCCTGCTC 1201 ACCATGGCCA CGCAGATATC GGGCATCAAC GCCTCGCTGCCTCCCGTTTC CTACACCAAG 1261 GCCATTGACG TGTGGACCGG CGTCTGTCTG ACCTTCGTATTCGGCGCGCT CCTCGAGTTC 1321 GCCCTGGTCA ACTACGCCTC GCGGTCAGAT TCACGCCGGCAGAACATGCA GAAGCAGAAG 1381 CAGAGGAAAT GGGAGCTCGA GCCGCCCCTG GACTCGGACCACCTGGAGGA CGGCGCCACC 1441 ACGTTCGCCA TGAGGCCGCT GGTGCACCAC CACGGAGAGCTGCATGCCGA CAAGTTGCGG 1501 CAGTGCGAAG TCCACATGAA GACCCCCAAG ACGAACCTTTGCAAGGCCTG GCTTTCCAGG 1561 TTTCCCACGC GATCCAAACG CATCGACGTC GTCTCGCGGATCTTCTTTCC GCTCATGTTC 1621 GCCCTCTTCA ACCTCGTCTA CTGGACAACC TACCTCTTCCGGGAAGACGA GGAAGACGAG 1681 TGACAGAACA CGGACGCCAC GACAGCCGCC ATCCGACACCATCGTCACTG CAGGCACGCA 1741 CTCTGTCGCG CGCACACACC ACGAAGACCG GCGCGCCAACGCACGATGCG CGTTGGCCGC 1801 TGAAAAACCC GGGAGCGGGG CGGTGGGGGA GGCTATGCCCCGGCCCCTCG CTCCTCATCC 1861 TCCGTGCACG CTCGAATCGT CATGCCCACA GCCAGAAAAAAAAAAGATAC CGTGCGAAAA 1921 GTGGCGGCAA CACAACGTCG ACGCCATCAG CGCCGCCCAGAGCTGCAAGC GGCTCCCACA 1981 TGGTTGCCAC CGCAGCTTCC TCTACGACCC TTCATCCCCACCGGCACCAG CTACGAGAAA 2041 GGGACCTTAT TTCGGGCCAT CCCTACATAG GCGACTGTTGTTTTCGCACG AAAGATCTTT 2101 ACGCAGCTGA TGCTGAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA.

The present invention also relates to the isolated or purified DNAmolecule described in FIG. 3 (182) and set forth as SEQ ID NO:3, whichencodes the R. sanguineus GluCl1 protein described in FIG. 4 and setforth as SEQ ID NO:4, the nucleotide sequence T82 as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 3)    1 CACACCTCCT GCGTCTCTCC ACTCGATGAA GACCTGTCCCGGAGGCGCGA GCCCAACTGC   61 GCGCTCTGTC CGCATGTGTC GCCGCCACTG AGAGGCCTCCGCCGTGGCGC GCTTGTCAAC  121 GCGGCGCGCC GGCCCGCAGC AAATCGCGGG CATTCCACTCAGGGTCTCAT TCGCTCCCCC  181 AATCCTGAGG TTCCTTCTAA CGAGAAGGAG GAGCCACAGCGCCGGCTGCG GTACCGCCGC  241 ACGGGCCAAC GTGAGACCGC CCGAGCCCGG CGCCCTGACTTAGGCCGCTG AGCGAAACCC  301 AAGGCGGCGC GCTGGCCACT CCACGGGAAC GAGACCGGCCCCCTGGAGAC GACATCGTCG  361 ACCACAATGA ACTACTTCTC TGACGTGGCG AAGATGGTGGCTTCATCGAA GAGAGAAATC  421 ATCGAAGCTT TCCACGCGAC ATCTGGAGTA CACGGCGCATGCGAATGAGC GAACATCGCT  481 GACCGAGACT CGCCCGTCAC CATGAGCGTA CATTCATGGCGCTTTTGTGT CCCACTGGTG  541 GCTCTAGCGT TTTTCTTGTT GATTCTTCTG TCGTGTCCATCGGCATGGGG CAAGGCAAAT  601 TTCCGCGCTA TAGAAAAGCG GATATTGGAC AGCATCATTGGCCAGGGTCG TTATGACTGC  661 AGGATCCGGC CCATGGGAAT TAACAACACA GACCGGCCGGCTCTTGTACG CGTTAACATC  721 TTTGTAAGAA GTATCGGCAG AATTGATGAC GTCACCATGGAGTACACAGT GCAAATGACG  781 TTCAGAGAGC AGTGGCGGGA CGAGAGACTC CAGTACGACGACTTGGGCGG CCAGGTTCGC  841 TACCTGACGC TCACCGAACC GGACAAGCTT TGGAAGCCGGACCTGTTTTT CTCCAACGAG  901 AAAGAGGGAC ACTTCCACAA CATCATCATG CCCAACGTGCTTCTACGCAT ACATCCCAAC  961 GGCGACGTTC TCTTCAGCAT CAGAATATCC TTGGTGCTTTCATGTCCGAT GAACCTGAAA 1021 TTTTATCCTT TGGATAAACA AATCTGCTCT ATCGTCATGGTGAGCTATGG GTATACAACA 1081 GAGGACCTGG TGTTTCTATG GAAAGAGGGG GATCCTGTACAGGTCACAAA AAATCTCCAC 1141 TTGCCACGTT TCACGCTGGA AAGGTTTCAA ACCGACTACTGCACCAGTCG GACCAACACT 1201 GGCGAGTACA GCTGCTTGCG CGTGGACCTG GTGTTCAAGCGCGAGTTCAG CTACTACCTG 1261 ATCCAGATCT ACATCCCGTG CTGCATGCTG GTCATCGTGTCCTGGGTGTC GTTCTGGCTC 1321 GACCCCACCT CGATCCCGGC GCGAGTGTCG CTGGGCGTCACCACCCTGCT CACCATGGCC 1381 ACGCAGATAT CGGGCATCAA CGCCTCGCTG CCTCCCGTTTCCTACACCAA GGCCATTGAC 1441 GTGTGGACCG GCGTCTGTCT GACCTTCGTA TTCGGCGCGCTCCTCGAGTT CGCCCTGGTC 1501 AACTACGCCT CGCGGTCAGA TTCACGCCGG CAGAACATGCAGAACCAGAA GCAGAGGAAA 1561 TGGGAGCTCG AGCCGCCCCT GGACTCGGAC CACCTGGAGGACGCCGCCAC CACGTTCGCC 1621 ATGAGGCCGC TGGTGCACCA CCACGGAGAG CTGCATGCCGACAAGTTGCG GCAGTGCGAA 1681 GTCCACATGA AGACCCCCAA GACGAACCTT TGCAAGGCCTGGCTTTCCAG GTTTCCCACG 1741 CGATCCAAAC GCATCGACGT CGTCTCGCGG ATCTTCTTTCCGCTCATGTT CGCCCTCTTC 1801 AACCTCGTCT ACTGGACAAC CTACCTCTTC CGGGAAGACAAGGAAGACGA GTGACAGAAC 1861 ACGAACGCCA CGACAGCCGC CATCCGACAC CATCGTCACTGCAGGCACGC ACTCTGTCGC 1921 GCGCACACAC CACGAAGACC GGCGCGCCAA CGCACGATGCGCGTTGGCCG CTGAAAAACC 1981 CGGGAGCGGG GCGGTGGGGG AGGCTATGCC CCGGCCCCTCGCTCCTCATC CTCCGTGCAC 2041 GCTCGAATCG TCATCGCCAC AGCCAGAAAA AAAAAAGATACCGTGCGAAA AGTGGCGGCA 2101 ACACAACGTC GACGCCATCA GCGCCGCCCA GAGCTGCAAGCGGCTCCCAC ATGGTTGCCA 2161 CCGCAGCTTC CTCTACGACC CTTCATCCCC ACCGGCACCAGCTACGAGAA AGGGACCTTA 2221 TTTCGGGCCA TCCCTACATA GGCGACTGTT GTTTTCGCACGAAAGATCTT TACGCAGCTG 2281 ATGCTGAAA.

The present invention also relates to the isolated or purified DNAmolecule described in FIG. 5 (132) and set forth as SEQ ID NO:5, whichencodes the R. sanguineus GluCl protein described in FIG. 6 and setforth as SEQ ID NO:6, the nucleotide sequence T32 as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 5)    1 CAGGCTCCGG CGTGACTGTC GCTCGCTCGG CTCTCGACGCTCGCGGCGGG AACAACCGCT   61 ACCCGGACGC TCGATCAGGA GCAGTTCGGG CCACAGAGAAAGGGGCCGAG GAGTGCACAC  121 CTCCTGCGTC TCTCCACTCG ATGAAGACCT GTCCCGGAGGCGCGAGCCCA ACTGCGCGCT  181 CTGTCCGCAT GTGTCGCCGC CACTGAGAGG CCTCCGGCGTGGCGCGCTTG TCAACGCGGC  241 GCGCCGGCCC GCAGCAAATC GCGGGCATTC CACTCAGGGTCTCATTCGCT CCCCCAATCC  301 TGAGGTTCCT TCTAACGAGA AGGAGGAGCC ACAGCGCCGGCTGCGGTACC GCCGCACGGG  361 CCAACGTGAG ACCGCCCGAG CCCGGCGCCC TGACTTAGGCCGCTGAGCGA AACCCAAGGC  421 GGCGCGCTGG CCACTCCACG GGAACGAGAC CGGCCCCCTGGAGACGACAT CGTCGACCAC  481 AATGAACTAC TTCTCTGACG TGGCGAAGAT GGTGGCTTCATCGAAGAGAG AAATCATCGA  541 AGCTTTCCAC GCGACATCTG GAGTACACGG CGCATGCGAATGAGCGAACA TCGCTGACCG  601 AGACTCGCCC GTCACCATGA GCGTACATTC ATGGCGCTTTTGTGTCCCAC TGGTGGCTCT  661 AGCGTTTTTC TTGTTGATTC TTCTGTCGTG TCCATCGGCATGGGCCGAAA CGCTGCCTAC  721 GCCACCAACC CGTGGCCAGG GGGGCGTTCC GGTCGCGGCCGCGATGCTCC TGGGGAAACA  781 GCAAAGTTCC CGCTACCAAG ATAAAGAGGG CAAGGCAAATTTCCGCGCTA TAGAAAAGCG  841 GATATTGGAC AGCATCATTG GCCAGGGTCG TTATGACTGCAGGATCCGGC CCATGGGAAT  901 TAACAACACA GACGGGCCGG CTCTTGTACG CGTTAACATCTTTGTAAGAA GTATCGGCAG  961 AATTGATGAC GTCACCATGG AGTACACAGT GCAAATGACGTTCAGAGAGC AGTGGCGGGA 1021 CGAGAGACTC CAGTACGACG ACTTGGGCGG CCAGGTTCGCTACCTGACGC TCACCGAACC 1081 GGACAAGCTT TGGAAGCCGG ACCTGTTTTT CTCCAACGAGAAAGAGGGAC ACTTCCACAA 1141 CATCATCATG CCCAACGTGC TTCTACGCAT ACATCCCAACGGCGACGTTC TCTTCAGCAT 1201 CAGAATATCC TTCGTGCTTT CATGTCCGAT GAACCTGAAATTTTATCCTT TGGATAAACA 1251 AATCTGCTCT ATCGTCATGG TGAGCTATGG GTATACAACAGAGGACCTGG TGTTTCTATG 1321 GAAAGAGGGG GATCCTGTAC AGGTCACAAA AAATCTCCACTTGCCACGTT TCACGCTGGA 1381 AAGGTTTCAA ACCGACTACT GCACCAGTCG GACCAACACTGGCGAGTACA GCTGCTTGCG 1441 CGTGGACCTG GTGTTCAAGC GCGAGTTCAG CTACTACCTGATCCAGATCT ACATCCCGTG 1501 CTGCATGCTG GTCATCGTGT CCTGGGTGTC GTTCTGGCTCGACCCCACCT CGATCCCGGC 1561 GCGAGTGTCG CTGGGCGTCA CCACCCTGCT CACCATGGCCACGCAGATAT CGGGCATCAA 1621 CGCCTCGCTG CCTCCCGTTT CCTACACCAA GGCCATTGACGTGTGGACCG GCGTCTGTCT 1681 GACCTTCGTA TTCGGCGCGC TCCTCGAGTT CGCCCTGGTCAACTACGCCT CGCGGTCAGA 1741 TTCACGCCGG CAGAACATGC AGAAGCAGAA GCAGAGGAAATGGGAGCTCG AGCCGCCCCT 1801 GGACTCGGAC CACCTGGAGG ACGGCGCCAC CACGTTCGCCATGGTGAGCT CCGGCGAGCC 1861 GGCGGGCCTC ATGGCGCGAA CCTGGCCACC ACCGCCGCTGCCGCCAAACA TGGCGGCCGG 1921 CTCCGCGCAA GCCGGCGCCA GGCCGCTGGT GCACCACCACGGAGAGCTGC ATGCCGACAA 1981 GTTGCGGCAG TGCGAAGTCC ACATGAAGAC CCCCAAGACGAACCTTTGCA AGGCCTGGCT 2041 TTCCAGGTTT CCCACGCGAT CCAAACGCAT CGACGTCGTCTCGCGGATCT TCTTTCCGCT 2101 CGTGTTCGCC CTCTTCAACC TCGTCTACTG GACAACCTACCTCTTCCGGG AAGACGAGGA 2161 GGACGAGTGA CAGAACACGA ACGCCACGAC AGCCGCCATCCGACACCATC GTCACTGCAG 2221 GCACGCACTC TGTCGCGCGC ACACACCACG AAGACCGGCGCGCCAACGCA CGATGCGCGT 2281 TGGCCGCTGA AAAACCCGGG AGCGGGGCGG TGGGGGAGGCTATGCCCCGG CCCCTCGCTC 2341 CTCATCCTCC GTGCACGCTC GAATCGTCAT CGCCACAGCCAGAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA.

The present invention also relates to an isolated or purified DNAmolecule which encodes a R. sanguineus GluCl2 protein. One such nucleicacid is described in FIG. 7 (B1) and set forth as SEQ ID NO:7, whichencodes the R. sanguineus GluCl2 protein described in FIG. 8 and setforth as SEQ ID NO:8, the nucleotide sequence B1 as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 7)    1 CGCCGCTCAA TCGCGGGCTA CGGACTCGTC GTTCCCGGAGGGGCTTGGAC   51 CACAGCTCGC TCGTCACCGT GGTGGCTGGC CGCTTCGCCT GGCGGTCCTG 101 CACGCACGCT GTAACGAACG TCGCCACGCG ATGTTTGGTG TGCCATGCTC  151CCGCGCCTGC CGCCTTGTGG TGGTGATAGC TGCGTTCTGC TGGCCGCCCG  201 CTCTGCCGCTCGTACCCGGG GGAGTTTCCT CCAGAGCAAA CGATCTGGAC  251 ATTCTGGACG AGCTCCTCAAAAACTACGAT CGAAGGGCCC TGCCGAGCAG  301 TCACCTCGGA AATGCAACTA TTGTGTCATGCGAAATTTAC ATACGAAGTT  351 TTGGATCAAT AAATCCTTCG AACATGGACT ACGAAGTCGACCTCTACTTC  401 CGGCAGTCGT GGCTCGACGA GCGGTTACGC AAATCCACGC TATCTCGTCC 451 GCTCGACCTT AATGACCCAA AGCTGGTACA AATGATATGG AAGCCAGAAG  501TTTTCTTTGC GAACGCGAAA CACGCCGAGT TCCAATATGT GACTGTACCT  551 AACGTCCTCGTTAGGATCAA CCCGACTGGA ATAATCTTGT ACATGTTGCG  601 GTTAAAACTG AGGTTCTCCTGCATGATGGA CCTGTACCGG TACCCCATGG  651 ATTCCCAAGT CTGCAGCATC GAAATTGCCTCTTTTTCCAA AACCACCGAA  701 GAGCTGCTGC TGAAATGGTC CGAGAGTCAG CCTGTCGTTCTCTTCGATAA  751 CCTCAAGTTG CCCCAGTTTG AAATAGAGAA GGTGAACACG TCCTTATGCA 801 AAGAAAAGTT TCACATAGGG GAATACAGTT GCCTGAAAGC CGACTTCTAT  851CTGCAGCGTT CCCTCGGTTA TCACATGGTG CAGACCTATC TTCCGACCAC  901 GCTTATCGTGGTCATCTCAT GGGTGTCATT CTGGCTCGAC GTAGACGCCA  951 TACCCGCCCG TGTCACCCTGGGCGTAACCA CGCTGCTCAC CATCTCATCC 1001 AAGGGTGCCG GTATCCAGGG AAACCTGCCTCCCGTCTCGT ACATCAAGGC 1051 CATGGACGTC TGGATAGGAT CCTGTACTTC GTTTGTCTTTGCGGCCCTTC 1101 TAGAGTTCAC ATTCGTCAAC TATCTCTGGA GGCGGCTGCC CAATAAGCGC1151 CCATCTTCTG ACGTACCGGT GACGGATATA CCAAGCGACG GCTCAAAGCA 1201TGACATTGCG GCACAGCTCG TACTCGACAA GAATGGACAC ACCGAAGTTC 1251 GCACGTTGGTCCAAGCGATG CCACGCAGCG TCGGAAAAGT GAAGGCCAAG 1301 CAGATTGATC AACTCAGCCGAGTCGCCTTT CCCGCTCTTT TTCTCCTCTT 1351 CAACCTCGTG TACTGGCCGT ACTACATTAAGTCATAAAGA ACGTAGTTTT 1401 CT.

The above-exemplified isolated DNA molecules, shown in FIGS. 1, 3 5, and7, respectively, comprise the following characteristics:

T12 (SEQ ID NO:1):

2138 nuc.:initiating Met (nuc. 331-333) and “TGA” term. codon(nuc.1681-1683), the open reading frame resulting in an expressedprotein of 450 amino acids, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

T82 (SEQ ID NO:3):

2289 nuc.:initiating Met (nuc. 502-504) and “TGA” term. codon (nuc.1852-1854), the open reading frame resulting in an expressed protein of450 amino acids, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.

T32 (SEQ ID NO:5):

2400 nuc.:initiating Met (nuc. 617619) and “TGA” term. codon (nuc.2168-2170), the open reading frame resulting in an expressed protein of517 amino acids, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

B1 (SEQ ID NO:7):

1402 nuc.:initiating Met (nuc. 131-133) and “TAA” term. codon (nuc.1385-1387), the open reading frame resulting in an expressed protein of418 amino acids, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.

The present invention also relates to biologically active fragments ormutants of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5 and 7 which encodes mRNA expressing anovel Rhipicephalus sanguineus invertebrate GluCl1 or GluCl2 channelprotein, respectively. Any such biologically active fragment and/ormutant will encode either a protein or protein fragment which at leastsubstantially mimics the pharmacological properties of a R. sanguineusGluCl channel protein, including but not limited to the R. sanguineusGluCl channel proteins as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQID NO:6 as well as the respective GluCl2 channel protein as set forth inSEQ ID NO:8. Any such polynucleotide includes but is not necessarilylimited to nucleotide substitutions, deletions, additions,amino-terminal truncations and carboxy-terminal truncations such thatthese mutations encode mRNA which express a functional R. sanguineusGluCl channel in a eukaryotic cell, such as Xenopus oocytes, so as to beuseful for screening for agonists and/or antagonists of R. sanguineusGluCl activity.

A preferred aspect of this portion of the present invention is disclosedin FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1; designated T12), FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:3; designatedT82) and FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:5; designated T12) encoding novelRhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl1 proteins, and FIG. 7 (SEQ ID NO:7,designated B1) encoding a novel Rhipicephalus sanguineus GluCl2 protein.

The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may includea deoxyribonucleic acid molecule (DNA), such as genomic DNA andcomplementary DNA (cDNA), which may be single (coding or noncodingstrand) or double stranded, as well as synthetic DNA, such as asynthesized, single stranded polynucleotide. The isolated nucleic acidmolecule of the present invention may also include a ribonucleic acidmolecule (RNA).

The degeneracy of the genetic code is such that, for all but two aminoacids, more than a single codon encodes a particular amino acid. Thisallows for the construction of synthetic DNA that encodes the RsGluCl1or RsGluCl2 protein where the nucleotide sequence of the synthetic DNAdiffers significantly from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3,5, and 7 but still encodes the same RsGluCl protein as SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5and 7. Such synthetic DNAs are intended to be within the scope of thepresent invention. If it is desired to express such synthetic DNAs in aparticular host cell or organism, the codon usage of such synthetic DNAscan be adjusted to reflect the codon usage of that particular host, thusleading to higher levels of expression of the RsGluCl channel protein inthe host. In other words, this redundancy in the various codons whichcode for specific amino acids is within the scope of the presentinvention. Therefore, this invention is also directed to those DNAsequences which encode RNA comprising alternative codons which code forthe eventual translation of the identical amino acid, as shown below:

A=Ala=Alanine: codons GCA, GCC, GCG, GCUC=Cys=Cysteine: codons UGC, UGUD=Asp=Aspartic acid: codons GAC, GAUE=Glu=Glutamic acid: codons GAA, GAGF=Phe=Phenylalanine: codons WUC, UUUG=Gly=Glycine: codons GGA, GGC, GGG, GGUH=His=Histidine: codons CAC, CAUI=Ile=Isoleucine: codons AUA, AUC, AUUK=Lys=Lysine: codons AAA, AAGL=Leu=Leucine: codons UUA, UUG, CUA, GUC, CUG, CUUM=Met=Methionine: codon AUGN=Asp=Asparagine: codons AAC, AAUP=Pro=Proline: codons CCA, CCC, CCG, CCUQ=Gln=Glutamne: codons CAA, CAGS=Ser=Serine: codons AGC, AGU, UCA, UCC, UCG, UCUT=Thr=Threonine: codons ACA, ACC, ACG, ACUV=Val=Valine: codons GUA, GUC, GUG, GUUW=Trp=Tryptaphan: codon UGGY=Tyr=Tyrosine: codons UAC, UAUTherefore, the present invention discloses codon redundancy which mayresult in differing DNA molecules expressing an identical protein. Forpurposes of this specification, a sequence bearing one or more replacedcolons will be defined as a degenerate variation. Another source ofsequence variation may occur through RNA editing, as discussed infra.Such RNA editing may result in another form of colon redundancy, whereina change in the open reading frame does not result in an altered aminoacid residue in the expressed protein. Also included within the scope ofthis invention are mutations either in the DNA sequence or thetranslated protein which do not substantially alter the ultimatephysical properties of the expressed protein. For example, substitutionof valine for leucine, arginine for lysine, or asparagine for glutaminemay not cause a change in functionality of the polypeptide.

It is known that DNA sequences coding for a peptide may be altered so asto code for a peptide having properties that are different than those ofthe naturally occurring peptide. Methods of altering the DNA sequencesinclude but are not limited to site directed mutagenesis. Examples ofaltered properties include but are not limited to changes in theaffinity of an enzyme for a substrate or a receptor for a ligand.

Included in the present invention are DNA sequences that hybridize toSEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5 and 7 under stringent conditions. By way of example,and not limitation, a procedure using conditions of high stringency isas follows: Prehybridization of filters containing DNA is carried outfor 2 hours to overnight at 65° C. in buffer composed of 6×SSC,5×Denhardt's solution, and 100 Ag/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. Filtersare hybridized for 12 to 48 hrs at 65° C. in prehybridization mixturecontaining 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and 5−20×10⁶ cpm of³²P-labeled probe. Washing of filters is done at 37° C. for 1 hr in asolution containing 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS. This is followed by a wash in0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C. for 45 min. before autoradiography. Otherprocedures using conditions of high stringency would include either ahybridization step carried out in 5×SSC, 5×Denhardt's solution, 50%formamide at 42° C. for 12 to 48 hours or a washing step carried out in0.2×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 65° C. for 30 to 60 minutes. Reagents mentioned inthe foregoing procedures for carrying out high stringency hybridizationare well known in the art. Details of the composition of these reagentscan be found in, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y. In addition to the foregoing, other conditions of high stringencywhich may be used are well known in the art.

“Identity” is a measure of the identity of nucleotide sequences or aminoacid sequences. In general, the sequences are aligned so that thehighest order match is obtained. “Identity” per se has an art-recognizedmeaning and can be calculated using published techniques. See, e.g.,:(Computational Molecular Biology, lesk, A. M., ed. Oxford UniversityPress, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects,Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis ofSequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds. HumanaPress, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, vonHeinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer,Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991).While there exists a number of methods to measure identity between twopolynucleotide or polypeptide sequences, the term “identity” is wellknown to skilled artisans (Carillo and Lipton, 1988, SIAM J Applied Math48:1073). Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similaritybetween two sequences include, but are not limited to, those disclosedin Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, SanDiego, 1994, and Carillo and Lipton, 1988, SLAM J Applied Math 48:1073.Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computerprograms. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity andsimilarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCGprogram package (Devereux, et al, 1984, Nucleic Acids Research12(1):387), BLASFN, and FASTA (Altschul, et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol.215:403).

As an illustration, by a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequencehaving at least, for example, 95% “identity” to a reference nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO:1 is intended that the nucleotide sequence of thepolynucleotide is identical to the reference sequence except that thepolynucleotide sequence may include up to five point mutations oralternative nucleotides per each 100 nucleotides of the referencenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In other words, to obtain apolynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to areference nucleotide sequence, up to 5% of the nucleotides in thereference sequence may be deleted or substituted with anothernucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotidesin the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.These mutations or alternative nucleotide substitutions of the referencesequence may occur at the 5′ or 3′ terminal positions of the referencenucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions,interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the referencesequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the referencesequence. One source of such a “mutation” or change which results in aless than 100% identity may occur through RNA editing. The process ofRNA editing results in modification of an mRNA molecule such that use ofthat modified mRNA as a template to generate a cloned cDNA may result inone or more nucleotide changes, which may or may not result in a codonchange. This RNA editing is known to be catalyzed by an RNA editase.Such an RNA editase is RNA adenosine deaminase, which converts anadenosine residue to an inosine residue, which tends to mimic a cytosineresidue. To this end, conversion of an mRNA residue from A to I willresult in A to G transitions in the coding and noncoding regions of acloned cDNA (e.g., see Hanrahan et al, 1999, Annals New York Acad. Sci.868:5166; for a review see Bass, 1997, TIBS 22: 157-162). Similarly, bya polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least, forexample, 95% identity to a reference amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2is intended that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is identicalto the reference sequence except that the polypeptide sequence mayinclude up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids ofthe reference amino acid of SEQ ID NO:2. In other words, to obtain apolypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to areference amino acid sequence, up to 5% of the amino acid residues inthe reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another aminoacid, or a number of amino acids up to 5% of the total amino acidresidues in the reference sequence may be inserted into the referencesequence. These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at theamino or carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequenceof anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed eitherindividually among residues in the reference sequence or in one or morecontiguous, groups within the reference sequence. Again, as noted above,RNA editing may result in a codon change which will result in anexpressed protein which differs in “identity” from other proteinsexpressed from “non-RNA edited” transcripts, which correspond directlyto the open reading frame of the genomic sequence. The open readingframe of the T12 and T82 clones are identical, save for a singlenucleotide change which results in a single amino acid change(T12—“gag”/Glu v. T82—“aag”/Lys at amino acid residue 447 of SEQ ID NOs:2 and 4). The T12/T82 clone shows about a 57% identity with the B1 cloneat the nucleotide level whereas the T32 clone shows about a 57% identitywith the B1 clone at the nucleotide level.

The present invention also relates to recombinant vectors andrecombinant hosts, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, which contain thesubstantially purified nucleic acid molecules disclosed throughout thisspecification. The nucleic acid molecules of the present inventionencoding a RsGluCl channel protein, in whole or in part, can be linkedwith other DNA molecules, i.e, DNA molecules to which the RsGluCl codingsequence are not naturally linked, to form “recombinant DNA molecules”which encode a respective RsGluCl channel protein. The novel DNAsequences of the present invention can be inserted into vectors whichcomprise nucleic acids encoding RsGluCl or a functional equivalent.These vectors may be comprised of DNA or RNA; for most cloning purposesDNA vectors are preferred. Typical vectors include plasmids, modifiedviruses, bacteriophage, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes, and otherforms of episomal or integrated DNA that can encode a RsGluCl channelprotein. It is well within the purview of the skilled artisan todetermine an appropriate vector for a particular gene transfer or otheruse.

The present invention also relates to a substantially purified form of arespective RsGluCl channel protein, which comprise the amino acidsequence disclosed in FIG. 2, FIG. 4, FIG. 6 and FIG. 8, and as setforth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively. The disclosed RsGluClproteins contain an open reading frame of 450 amino acids (12 and T82,SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 4, respectively), 517 amino acids (T32, SEQ ID NO: 6)and 418 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:8) in length, as shown in FIGS. 2, 4, 6,and 8, and as follows:

T12: (SEQ ID NO: 2) NSVHSWRFCV PLVALAFFLL ILLSCPSAWG KANFRAIEKRILDSIIGQGR YDCRIRPMGI NNTDGPALVR VNIFVRSIGR IDDVTMEYTV QMTFREQWRDERLQYDDLGG QVRYLTLTEP DKLWKPDLFF SNEKEGHFHN IIMPNVLLRI HPNGDVLFSIRISLVLSCPM NLKFYPLDKQ ICSIVMVSYG YTTEDLVFLW KEGDPVQVTK NLHLPRFTLEEFQTDYCTSR TNTGEYSCLR VDLVFKREFS YYLIQIYIPC CMLVIVSWVS FWLDPTSIPARVSLGVTTLL TMATQISGIN ASLPPVSYTK AIDVWTGVCL TFVFGALLEF ALVNYASRSDSRRQNMQKQK QRKWELEPPL DSDHLEDGAT TFAMRPLVHH HGELHADKLR QCEVHMKTPKTNLCKAWLSR FPTRSKRIDV VSRIFFPLMF ALFNLVYWTT YLFREDEEDE*; T82: (SEQ IDNO: 4) MSVHSWRFCV PLVALAFFLL ILLSCPSAWG KANFRAIEKR ILDSIIGQGR YDCRIRPMGINNTDGPALVR VNIFVRSIGR IDDVTMEYTV QMTFREQWRD EELQYDDLGG QVRYLTLTEPDKLWKPDLFF SNEKEGHFHN IIMPNVLLRI HPNGDVLFSI RISLVLSCPM NLKFYPLDKQICSIVMVSYG YTTEDLVFLW KEGDPVQVTK NLHLPRFTLE RFQTDYCTSR TNTGEYSCLRVDLVFKREFS YYLIQIYIPC CMLVIVSWVS FWLDPTSIPA RVSLGVTTLL TMATQISGINASLPPVSYTK AIDVWTGVCL TFVFGALLEF ALVNYASRSD SRRQNMQKQK QRKWELEPPLDSDHLEDGAT TFANRPLVHH HGELHADKLR QCEVHMKTPK TNLCKAWLSR FPTRSKRIDVVSRIFFPLMF ALFNLVYWTT YLFREDKEDE*; T32: (SEQ ID NO: 6) MSVHSWRFCVPLVALAFFLL ILLSCPSAWA ETLPTPPTRG QGGVPVAAAM LLGKQQSSRY QDKEGKANFRAIEKRILDSI IGQGRYDCRI RPMGINNTDG PALVRVNIFV RSIGRIDDVT MEYTVQMTFREQWRDERLQY DDLGGQVRYL TLTEPDKLWK PDLFFSNEKE GHFHNIIMPN VLLRIHPNGDVLFSIRISLV LSCPMNLKFY PLDKQICSIV MVSYGYTTED LVFLWKEGDP VQVTKNLHLPRFTLERFQTD YCTSRTNTGE YSCLRVDLVF KREFSYYLIQ IYIPCCMLVI VSWVSFWLDPTSIPARVSLG VTTLLTMATQ ISGINASLPP VSYTKAIDVW TGVCLTFVFG ALLEFALVNYASRSDSRRQN MQKQKQRKWE LEPPLDSDHL EDGATTFAMV SSGEPAGLMA RTWPPPPLPPNMAAGSAQAG ARPLVHHHGE LHADKLRQCE VHMKTPKTNL CKAWLSRFPT RSKRIDVVSRIFFPLVFALF NLVYWTTYLF REDEEDE*; and, B1: (SEQ ID NO: 8) MFGVPCSRACRLVVVIAAFC WPPALPLVPG GVSSRANDLD ILDELLKNYD RRALPSSHLG NATIVSCEIYIRSFGSINPS NMDYEVDLYF RQSWLDEELR KSTLSRPLDL NDPKLVQMIW KPEVFFANAKHAEFQYVTVP NVLVRINPTG IILYMLRLKL RFSCMMDLYR YPMDSQVCSI EIASFSKTTEELLLKWSESQ PVVLFDNLKL PQFEIEKVNT SLCKEKFHIG EYSCLKADFY LQRSLGYHMVQTYLPTTLIV VISWVSFWLD VDAIPARVTL GVTTLLTISS KGAGIQGNLP PVSYIKAMDVWIGSCTSFVF AALLEFTFVN YLWRRLPNKR PSSDVPVTDI PSDGSKHDIA AQLVLDKNGHTEVRTLVQAM PRSVGKVKAK QIDQLSRVAF PALFLLFNLV YWPYYIKS.

The open reading frames of the T12 and T82 clones are identical, savefor a single nucleotide change which results in a single amino acidchange at residue 447 of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 4. The T32 open-reading framecontains two addition exons when compared to the T12/T82 reading frame,which result in a 35 amino acid insertion in the amino terminal regionof the T32 protein (amino acid residue 30-64 of SEQ ID NO:6) and another32 amino acid insertion within the COOH-terminal region (amino acidresidue 410-441). The T12/T82 clones show about a 57% identity with theB1 clone at the nucleotide level whereas the T32 clone shows about a 57%identity with the B1 clone at the nucleotide level.

The present invention also relates to biologically active fragmentsand/or mutants of the RsGluCl1 and RsGluCl2 proteins comprising theamino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ D NOs:2, 4, 6, and 8, includingbut not necessarily limited to amino acid substitutions, deletions,additions, amino terminal truncations and carboxy-terminal truncationssuch that these mutations provide for proteins or protein fragments ofdiagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic use and would be useful forscreening for agonists and/or antagonists of RsGluCl function.

To this end, a preferred aspect of the present invention is a functionalRsGluCl channel receptor, comprised of either a single channel proteinor a channel comprising multiple subunits, referred to herein as ahomomultimeric channel or a heteromultimeric channel. Therefore, asingle channel may be comprised of a protein as disclosed in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6 or 8, or a biologically active equivalent thereof (i.e., analtered channel protein which still functions in a similar fashion tothat of a wild-type channel receptor). A homomultimeric channel receptorcomplex will comprise more than one polypeptide selected from thedisclosed group of SEQ ED NOs: 2, 4, 6 and 8, as well as biologicallyactive equivalents. A heteromultimeric channel receptor complex willcomprise multiple subunits wherein at least 2 of the 3 proteinsdisclosed herein contribute to channel formation, or where at least oneof the proteins associates with additional proteins or channelcomponents to provide for an active channel receptor complex. Therefore,the present invention additionally relates to substantially purifiedchannels as described herein, as well as substantially purified membranepreparations, partially purified membrane preparations, or cell lysateswhich contain the functional single, homomultimeric or heteromultimericchannels described herein. These substantially purified, fully processedGluCl channel proteins may be obtained from a recombinant host cellcontaining a DNA expression vector comprises a nucleotide sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, and/or 7, and expresses the respectiveRsGluCl precursor protein. It is especially preferred is that therecombinant host cell be a eukaryotic host cell, including but notlimited to a mammalian cell line, an insect cell line such as an S2 cellline, or Xenopus oocytes, as noted above.

As with many proteins, it is possible to modify many of the amino acidsof RsGluCl channel protein and still retain substantially the samebiological activity as the wild type protein. Thus this inventionincludes modified RsGluCl polypeptides which have amino acid deletions,additions, or substitutions but that still retain substantially the samebiological activity as a respective, corresponding RsGluCl. It isgenerally accepted that single amino acid substitutions do not usuallyalter the biological activity of a protein (see, e.g., Molecular Biologyof the Gene, Watson et al., 1987, Fourth Ed., The Benjamin/CummingsPublishing Co., Inc., page 226; and Cunningham & Wells, 1989, Science244:1081-1085). Accordingly, the present invention includes polypeptideswhere one amino acid substitution has been made in SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6,and/or 8, wherein the polypeptides still retain substantially the samebiological activity as a corresponding RsGluCl protein. The presentinvention also includes polypeptides where two or more amino acidsubstitutions have been made in SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, or 8, wherein thepolypeptides still retain substantially the same biological activity asa corresponding RsGluCl protein. In particular, the present inventionincludes embodiments where the above-described substitutions areconservative substitutions.

One skilled in the art would also recognize that polypeptides that arefunctional equivalents of RsGluCl and have changes from the RsGluClamino acid sequence that are small deletions or insertions of aminoacids could also be produced by following the same guidelines, (i.e,minimizing the differences in amino acid sequence between RsGluCl andrelated proteins. Small deletions or insertions are generally in therange of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The effect of such small deletions orinsertions on the biological activity of the modified RsGluClpolypeptide can easily be assayed by producing the polypeptidesynthetically or by making the required changes in DNA encoding RsGluCland then expressing the DNA recombinantly and assaying the proteinproduced by such recombinant expression.

The present invention also includes truncated forms of RsGluCl whichcontain the region comprising the active site of the enzyme. Suchtruncated proteins are useful in various assays described herein, forcrystallization studies, and for structure-activity-relationshipstudies.

The present invention also relates to membrane-containing crude lysatesor substantially purified subcellular membrane fractions from therecombinant host cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic as well as bothstably and transiently transformed or transfected cells) which containthe nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. These recombinanthost cells express RsGluCl or a functional equivalent, which becomespost translationally associated with the cell membrane in a biologicallyactive fashion. These subcellular membrane fractions will compriseeither wild-type or mutant forms of RsGluCl at levels substantiallyabove endogenous levels and hence will be useful in assays to selectmodulators of RsGluCl proteins or channels. In other words, a specificuse for such subcellular membranes involves expression of RsGluCl withinthe recombinant cell followed by isolation and substantial purificationof the membranes away from other cellular components and subsequent usein assays to select for modulators, such as agonist or antagonists ofthe protein or biologically active channel comprising one or more of theproteins disclosed herein. Alternatively, the lysed cells, containingthe membranes, may be used directly in assays to select for modulatorsof the recombinantly expressed protein(s) disclosed herein. Therefore,another preferred aspect of the present invention relates to asubstantially purified membrane preparation or lysed recombinant cellcomponents which include membranes, which has been obtained from arecombinant host cell transformed or transfected with a DNA expressionvector which comprises and appropriately expresses a complete openreading frame as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, and/or 7, resultingin a functional form of the respective RsGluCl channel. It is especiallypreferred is that the recombinant host cell be a eukaryotic host cell,including but not limited to a mammalian cell line, an insect cell linesuch as an S2 cell line.

The present invention also relates to isolated nucleic acid moleculeswhich are fusion constructions expressing fusion proteins useful inassays to identify compounds which modulate wild-type RsGluCl activity,as well as generating antibodies against RsGluCl. One aspect of thisportion of the invention includes, but is not limited to, glutathioneS-transferase (GST)-RsGluCl fusion constructs. Recombinant GST-RsGluClfusion proteins may be expressed in various expression systems,including Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cells (Invitrogen) using abaculovirus expression vector (pAcGZr, Phanningen). Another aspectinvolves RsGluCl fusion constructs linked to various markers, includingbut not limited to GFP (Green fluorescent protein), the MYC epitope, andGST. Again, any such fusion constructs may be expressed in the cell lineof interest and used to screen for modulators of one or more of theRsGluCl proteins disclosed herein.

A preferred aspect for screening for modulators of RsGluCl channelactivity is an expression system for the electrophysiological-basedassays for measuring glutamate-gated chloride channel activitycomprising injecting the DNA molecules of the present invention intoXenopus laevis oocytes. The general use of Xenopus oocytes in the studyof ion channel activity is known in the art (Dascal, 1987, Cit. Rev.Biochem. 22: 317-317; Lester, 1988, Science 241: 1057-1063; see alsoMethods of Enzymology, Vol. 207, 1992, Ch. 14-25, Rudy and Iverson, ed.,Academic Press, Inc., New York). An improved method exists for measuringchannel activity and modulation by agonists and/or antagonists which isseveral-fold more sensitive than previous techniques. The Xenopusoocytes are injected with nucleic acid material, including but notlimited to DNA, mRNA or cRNA which encode a gated-channel, whereinchannel activity may be measured as well as response of the channel tovarious modulators. Ion channel activity is measured by utilizing aholding potential more positive than the reversal potential for chloride(i.e, greater than −30 mV), preferably about 0 mV. This alteration inassay measurement conditions results in a 10-fold increase insensitivity of the assay to modulation by ivermectin phosphate.Therefore, this improved assay allows screening and selecting forcompounds which modulate GluCl activity at levels which were previouslythought to be undetectable.

Any of a variety of procedures may be used to clone RsGluCl. Thesemethods include, but are not limited to, (1) a RACE PCR cloningtechnique (Frohman, et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8998-9002). 5′ and/or 3′ RACE may be performed to generate a full-lengthcDNA sequence. This strategy involves using gene-specificoligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification of RsGluCl cDNA. Thesegene-specific primers are designed through identification of anexpressed sequence tag (EST) nucleotide sequence which has beenidentified by searching any number of publicly available nucleic acidand protein databases; (2) direct functional expression of the RsGluClcDNA following the construction of a RsGluCl-containing cDNA library inan appropriate expression vector system; (3) screening aRsGluCl-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage orplasmid shuttle vector with a labeled degenerate oligonucleotide probedesigned from the amino acid sequence of the RsGluCl protein; (4)screening a RsGluCl-containing cDNA library constructed in abacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a partial cDNA encoding theRsGluCl protein. This partial cDNA is obtained by the specific PCRamplification of RsGluCl DNA fragments through the design of degenerateoligonucleotide primers from the amino acid sequence known for otherGluCl channels which are related to the RsGluCl protein; (5) screening aRsGluCl-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage orplasmid shuttle vector with a partial cDNA or oligonucleotide withhomology to a RsGluCl protein. This strategy may also involve usinggene-specific oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification of RsGluClcDNA identified as an EST as described above; or (6) designing 5′ and 3′gene specific oligonucleotides using SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, and 5 as atemplate so that either the full-length cDNA may be generated by knownRACE techniques, or a portion of the coding region may be generated bythese same known RACE techniques to generate and isolate a portion ofthe coding region to use as a probe to screen one of numerous types ofcDNA and/for genomic libraries in order to isolate a full-length versionof the nucleotide sequence encoding RsGluCl. Alternatively, the RsGluCl1and RsGluCl2 cDNAs of the present invention may be cloned as describedin Example Section 1. For RsGluCl1 cDNA clones, adult brown dog tickpolyp RNA was isolated using the Poly(A)Pure™ mRNA Isolation Kit(Ambion). Tick cDNA was synthesized using oligo-d primers and the ZAPcDNA® Synthesis Kit (Stratagene), and cDNA >1 kb was selected using cDNASize Fractionation Columns (BRL). A tick cDNA library was constructed inthe Lambda ZAP® II vector using the GIGAPACK® III Gold Cloning Kit(Stratagene). A Drosophila GluCl cDNA fragment spanning the M1 to M3region was used in a low-stringency screen of the tick cDNA library.Filters were exposed for eleven days and six positives were isolated forsequence analysis. Three of the clones (T12, T82 and T32) encodeGluCl-related proteins and were sequenced on both ends. For isolation ofthe RsGluCl2 cDNAs, most molecular procedures were again performedfollowing standard procedures available in references such as Ausubelet. al. (1992. Short protocols in molecular biology. F. M. Ausubel etal.,—2^(nd). ed. (John Wiley & Sons), and Sambrook et al., (1989.Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, andT. Maniatis—2 ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Poly (A)+ RNAwas isolated from Tick heads. First strand cDNA was synthesized from 50ng RNA using a SUPERSCRIPT preamplification System (Life Technologies).A tenth of the first strand reaction was used for PCR. The degenerateoligos utilized were designed based on sequences obtained from Celegans, Drosophila, and Flea (C. felis) GluCls: Two PCR rounds, usingthe combinations “27F2+3AF1, then 27F2+3BF2” were performed. One tenthof the PCR reaction products was tested by Southern blot analysis, inorder to identify and prevent the PCR-cloning of contaminatingsequences. Novel PCR products of the appropriate size were cloned intothe pCR2.1 plasmid vector using a “TA” cloning kit (Invitrogen, Inc.).Following sequence analysis (ABI Prism, PE Applied Biosystems), selectedPCR clone inserts were radiolabelled and used as probes to screen a cDNAlibrary generated into the Uni-ZAP® vector (Stratagene, Inc.) from usingthe RNA preparation mentioned above. Sequences from full-length cDNAclones were analysed using the GCG Inc. package. Subcloning of RsGluCl2into a mammalian expression vector was done by excision of an 1.85 kbcoding-region-containing fragment (XhoI-EcoRI digest) from the originalinsert of clone RsGluCl2 B1 from the UniZap® pBS plasmid, followed byligation into the TetSplice® vector (Life Technologies Inc.).

It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other types oflibraries, as well as libraries constructed from other cell types orspecies types, may be useful for isolating a RsGluCl-encoding DNA or aRsGluCl homologue. Other types of libraries include, but are not limitedto, cDNA libraries derived from other brown dog tick cell types.

It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that suitable cDNAlibraries may be prepared from cells or cell lines which have RsGluClactivity. The selection of cells or cell lines for use in preparing acDNA library to isolate a cDNA encoding RsGluCl may be done by firstmeasuring cell-associated RsGluCl activity using any known assayavailable for such a purpose.

Preparation of cDNA Libraries can be Performed by Standard TechniquesWell known in the art. Well known cDNA library construction techniquescan be found for example, in Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y. Complementary DNA libraries may also be obtained from numerouscommercial sources, including but not limited to Clontech Laboratories,Inc. and Stratagene.

It is also readily apparent to those skilled in the art that DNAencoding RsGluCl may also be isolated from a suitable genomic DNAlibrary. Construction of genomic DNA libraries can be performed bystandard techniques well known in the art. Well known genomic DNAlibrary construction techniques can be found in Sambrook, et al., supra.One may prepare genomic libraries, especially in P1 artificialchromosome vectors, from which genomic clones containing the RsGluCl canbe isolated, using probes based upon the RsGluCl nucleotide sequencesdisclosed herein. Methods of preparing such libraries are known in theart (Ioannou et al., 1994, Nature Genet. 6:84-89).

In order to clone a RsGluCl gene by one of the preferred methods, theamino acid sequence or DNA sequence of a RsGluCl or a homologous proteinmay be necessary. To accomplish this, a respective RsGluCl channelprotein may be purified and the partial amino acid sequence determinedby automated sequenators. It is not necessary to determine the entireamino acid sequence, but the linear sequence of two regions of 6 to 8amino acids can be determined for the PCR amplification of a partialRsGluCl DNA fragment. Once suitable amino acid sequences have beenidentified, the DNA sequences capable of encoding them are synthesized.Because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon may be usedto encode a particular amino acid, and therefore, the amino acidsequence can be encoded by any of a set of similar DNA oligonucleotides.Only one member of the set will be identical to the RsGluCl sequence butothers in the set will be capable of hybridizing to RsGluCl DNA even inthe presence of DNA oligonucleotides with mismatches. The mismatched DNAoligonucleotides may still sufficiently hybridize to the RsGluCl DNA topermit identification and isolation of RsGluCl encoding DNA.Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence of a region of an expressedsequence may be identified by searching one or more available genomicdatabases. Gene-specific primers may be used to perform PCRamplification of a cDNA of interest from either a cDNA library or apopulation of cDNAs. As noted above, the appropriate nucleotide sequencefor use in a PCR-based method may be obtained from SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5,or 7 either for the purpose of isolating overlapping 5′ and 3′RACEproducts for generation of a full-length sequence coding for RsGluCl, orto isolate a portion of the nucleotide sequence coding for RsGluCl foruse as a probe to screen one or more cDNA- or genomic-based libraries toisolate a full-length sequence encoding RsGluCl or RsGluCl-likeproteins.

This invention also includes vectors containing a RsGluCl gene, hostcells containing the vectors, and methods of making substantially pureRsGluCl protein comprising the steps of introducing the RsGluCl geneinto a host cell, and cultivating the host cell under appropriateconditions such that RsGluCl is produced. The RsGluCl so produced may beharvested from the host cells in conventional ways. Therefore, thepresent invention also relates to methods of expressing the RsGluClprotein and biological equivalents disclosed herein, assays employingthese gene products, recombinant host cells which comprise DNAconstructs which express these proteins, and compounds identifiedthrough these assays which act as agonists or antagonists of RsGluClactivity.

The cloned RsGluCl cDNA obtained through the methods described above maybe recombinantly expressed by molecular cloning into an expressionvector (such as pcDNA3.neo, pcDNA3.1, pCR2.1, pBlueBacHis2 or pLITMUS28,as well as other examples, listed infra) containing a suitable promoterand other appropriate transcription regulatory elements, and transferredinto prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells to produce recombinantRsGluCl. Expression vectors are defined herein as DNA sequences that arerequired for the transcription of cloned DNA and the translation oftheir mRNAs in an appropriate host. Such vectors can be used to expresseukaryotic DNA in a variety of hosts such as bacteria, blue green algae,plant cells, insect cells and animal cells. Specifically designedvectors allow the shuttling of DNA between hosts such as bacteria-yeastor bacteria-animal cells. An appropriately constructed expression vectorshould contain: an origin of replication for autonomous replication inhost cells, selectable markers, a limited number of useful restrictionenzyme sites, a potential for high copy number, and active promoters. Apromoter is defined as a DNA sequence that directs RNA polymerase tobind to DNA and initiate RNA synthesis. A strong promoter is one whichcauses mRNAs to be initiated at high frequency. To determine the RsGluClcDNA sequence(s) that yields optimal levels of RsGluCl, cDNA moleculesincluding but not limited to the following can be constructed: a cDNAfragment containing the full-length open reading frame for RsGluCl aswell as various constructs containing portions of the cDNA encoding onlyspecific domains of the protein or rearranged domains of the protein.All constructs can be designed to contain none, all or portions of the5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region of a RsGluCl cDNA. The expressionlevels and activity of RsGluCl can be determined following theintroduction, both singly and in combination, of these constructs intoappropriate host cells. Following determination of the RsGluCl cDNAcassette yielding optimal expression in transient assays, this RsGluClcDNA construct is transferred to a variety of expression vectors(including recombinant viruses), including but not limited to those formammalian cells, plant cells, insect cells, oocytes, bacteria, and yeastcells. Techniques for such manipulations can be found described inSambrook, et al., supra, are well known and available to the artisan ofordinary skill in the art. Therefore, another aspect of the presentinvention includes host cells that have been engineered to containand/or express DNA sequences encoding the RsGluCl. An expression vectorcontaining DNA encoding a RsGluCl-like protein may be used forexpression of RsGluCl in a recombinant host cell. Such recombinant hostcells can be cultured under suitable conditions to produce RsGluCl or abiologically equivalent form. Expression vectors may include, but arenot limited to, cloning vectors, modified cloning vectors, specificallydesigned plasmids or viruses. Commercially available mammalianexpression vectors which may be suitable for recombinant RsGluClexpression, include but are not limited to, pcDNA3.neo (Invitrogen),pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen), pCI-neo (Promega), pLITMUS28, pLITMUS29,pLITMUS38 and pLITMUS39 (New England Bioloabs), pcDNAI, pcDNAIamp(Invitrogen), pcDNA3 (Invitrogen), pMC1neo (Stratagene), pXT1(Stratagene), pSG5 (Stratagene), EBO-pSV2-neo (ATCC 37593) pBPV-1 (8-2)(ATCC 37110), pdjBPV-MMneo(342-12) (ATCC 37224), pRSVgpt (ATCC 37199),pRSVneo (ATCC 37198), pSV2-dhfr (ATCC 37146), pUCTag (ATCC 37460), andIZD35 (ATCC 37565). Also, a variety of bacterial expression vectors maybe used to express recombinant RsGluCl in bacterial cells. Commerciallyavailable bacterial expression vectors which may be suitable forrecombinant RsGluCl expression include, but are not limited to pCR2.1(Invitrogen), pEBT11a (Novagen), lambda gt11 (Invitrogen), and pKK223-3(Pharmacia). In addition, a variety of fungal cell expression vectorsmay be used to express recombinant RsGluCl in fungal cells. Commerciallyavailable fungal cell expression vectors which may be suitable forrecombinant RsGluCl expression include but are not limited to pYES2Invitrogen) and Pichia expression vector (Invitrogen). Also, a varietyof insect cell expression vectors may be used to express recombinantprotein in insect cells. Commercially available insect cell expressionvectors which may be suitable for recombinant expression of RsGluClinclude but are not limited to pBlueBacIIIand pBlueBacHis2 (Invitrogen),and pAcG2T (Pharmingen).

Recombinant host cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, including butnot limited to, bacteria such as E. coli, fungal cells such as yeast,mammalian cells including, but not limited to, cell lines of bovine,porcine, monkey and rodent origin; and insect cells including but notlimited to R. sanguineus and silkworm derived cell lines. For instance,one insect expression system utilizes Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21)insect cells (invitrogen) in tandem with a baculovirus expression vector(pAcG2T, Pharmingen). Also, mammalian species which may be suitable andwhich are commercially available, include but are not limited to, Lcells L-M(TK⁻) (ATCC CCL 1.3), L cells L-M (ATCC CCL 1.2), Saos-2 (ATCCRTB-85), 293 (ATCC CRL 1573), Raji (ATCC CCL 86), CV-1 (ATCC CCL 70),COS-1 (ATCC CRL 1650), COS-7 (ATCC CRL 1651), CHO-1 (ATCC CCL 61), 3T3(ATCC CCL 92), NIH/3T3 (ATCC CRL 1658), HeLa (ATCC CCL 2), C1271 (ATCCCRL 1616), BS-C-1 (ATCC CCL 26), MRC-5 (ATCC CCL 171) and CPAE (ATCC CCL209).

The specificity of binding of compounds showing affinity for RsGluCl isshown by measuring the affinity of the compounds for recombinant cellsexpressing the cloned receptor or for membranes from these cells, whichform a functional single, homomultimeric or heteromultimeric membranechannel. Expression of the cloned receptor and screening for compoundsthat bind to RsGluCl or that inhibit the binding of a known,radiolabeled ligand of RsGluCl to these cells, or membranes preparedfrom these cells, provides an effective method for the rapid selectionof compounds with high affinity for RsGluCl. Such ligands need notnecessarily be radiolabeled but can also be nonisotopic compounds thatcan be used to displace bound radiolabeled compounds or that can be usedas activators in functional assays. Compounds identified by the abovemethod are likely to be agonists or antagonists of RsGluCl and may bepeptides, proteins, or non-proteinaceous organic or inorganic molecules.

A preferred aspect for screening for modulators of RsGluCl channelactivity is an expression system for electrophysiologically-based assaysfor measuring ligand gated channel activity (such as GluCl channelactivity) comprising injecting the DNA or RNA molecules of the presentinvention into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The general use of Xenopusoocytes in the study of ion channel activity is known in the art(Dascal, 1987, Crit. Rev. Biochem. 22:317-317; Lester, 1988, Science241: 1057-1063; see also Methods of Enzymology, Vol. 207, 1992, Ch.1425, Rudy and Iverson, ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York). TheXenopus oocytes are injected with nucleic acid material, including butnot limited to DNA, mRNA or cRNA which encode a ligand gated-channel,whereafter channel activity may be measured as well as response of thechannel to various modulators.

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to methods for screeningfor compounds which modulate the expression of DNA or RNA encoding aRsGluCl protein as well as compounds which effect the function of theRsGluCl protein. Methods for identifying agonists and antagonists ofother receptors are well known in the art and can be adapted to identifyagonists and antagonists of a RsGluCl channel. For example, Cascieri etal. (1992, Molec. Pharmacol. 41:109&1099) describe a method foridentifying substances that inhibit agonist binding to rat neurokininreceptors and thus are potential agonists or antagonists of neurokininreceptors. The method involves transfecting COS cells with expressionvectors containing rat neurokinin receptors, allowing the transfectedcells to grow for a time sufficient to allow the neurokinin receptors tobe expressed, harvesting the transfected cells and resuspending thecells in assay buffer containing a known radioactively labeled agonistof the neurokinin receptors either in the presence or the absence of thesubstance, and then measuring the binding of the radioactively labeledknown agonist of the neurokinin receptor to the neurokinin receptor. Ifthe amount of binding of the known agonist is less in the presence ofthe substance than in the absence of the substance, then the substanceis a potential ligand of the neurokinin receptor. Where binding of thesubstance such as an agonist or antagonist to RsGluCl is measured, suchbinding can be measured by employing a labeled ligand. The ligand can belabeled in any convenient manner known to the art, e.g., radioactively,fluorescently, enzymatically.

Therefore, the present invention is directed to methods for screeningfor compounds which modulate the expression of DNA or RNA encoding aRsGluCl protein. Compounds which modulate these activities may be DNA,RNA, peptides, proteins, or non-proteinaceous organic or inorganicmolecules. Compounds may modulate by increasing or attenuating theexpression of DNA or RNA encoding RsGluCl, or the function of theRsGluCl-based channels. Compounds that modulate the expression of DNA orRNA encoding RsGluCl or the biological function thereof may be detectedby a variety of assays. The assay may be a simple “yes/no” assay todetermine whether there is a change in expression or function. The assaymay be made quantitative by comparing the expression or function of atest sample with the levels of expression or function in a standardsample. Kits containing RsGluCl, antibodies to RsGluCl, or modifiedRsGluCl may be prepared by known methods for such uses.

To this end, the present invention relates in part to methods ofidentifying a substance which modulates RsGluCl receptor activity, whichinvolves:

(a) adding a test substance in the presence and absence of a RsGluClreceptor protein wherein said RsGluCl receptor protein comprises theamino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 6 and/or 8; and,

(b) measuring and comparing the effect of the test substance in thepresence and absence of the RsGluCl receptor protein or respectivefunctional channel.

In addition, several specific embodiments are disclosed herein to showthe diverse types of screening or selection assays which the skilledartisan may utilize in tandem with an expression vector directing theexpression of the RsGluCl receptor protein. Methods for identifyingligands of other receptors are well known in the art and can be adaptedto ligands of RsGluCl. Therefore, these embodiments are presented asexamples and not as limitations. To this end, the present inventionincludes assays by which RsGluCl modulators (such as agonists andantagonists) may be identified. Accordingly, the present inventionincludes a method for determining whether a substance is a potentialagonist or antagonist of RsGluCl that comprises:

(a) transfecting or transforming cells with an expression vector thatdirects expression of RsGluCl in the cells, resulting in test cells;

(b) allowing the test cells to grow for a time sufficient to allowRsGluCl to be expressed and for a functional channel to be generated;

(c) exposing the cells to a labeled ligand of RsGluCl in the presenceand in the absence of the substance;

(d) measuring the binding of the labeled ligand to the RsGluCl channel;where if the amount of binding of the labeled ligand is less in thepresence of the substance than in the absence of the substance, then thesubstance is a potential ligand of RsGluCl.

The conditions under which step (c) of the method is practiced areconditions that are typically used in the art for the study ofprotein-ligand interactions: e.g., physiological pH; salt conditionssuch as those represented by such commonly used buffers as PBS or intissue culture media; a temperature of about 4° C. to about 55° C. Thetest cells may be harvested and resuspended in the presence of thesubstance and the labeled ligand. In a modification of theabove-described method, step (c) is modified in that the cells are notharvested and resuspended but rather the radioactively labeled knownagonist and the substance are contacted with the cells while the cellsare attached to a substratum, e.g., tissue culture plates.

The present invention also includes a method for determining whether asubstance is capable of binding to RsGluCl, i.e., whether the substanceis a potential modulator of RsGluCl channel activation, where the methodcomprises:

(a) transfecting or transforming cells with an expression vector thatdirects the expression of RsGluCl in the cells, resulting in test cells;

(b) exposing the test cells to the substance;

(c) measuring the amount of binding of the substance to RsGluCl;

(d) comparing the amount of binding of the substance to RsGluCl in thetest cells with the amount of binding of the substance to control cellsthat have not been transfected with RsGluCl;

wherein if the amount of binding of the substance is greater in the testcells as compared to the control cells, the substance is capable ofbinding to RsGluCl. Determining whether the substance is actually anagonist or antagonist can then be accomplished by the use of functionalassays, such as an electrophysiological assay described herein.

The conditions under which step (b) of the method is practiced areconditions that are typically used in the art for the study ofprotein-ligand interactions: e.g., physiological pH; salt conditionssuch as those represented by such commonly used buffers as PBS or intissue culture media; a temperature of about 4° C. to about 55° C. Thetest cells are harvested and resuspended in the presence of thesubstance.

The above described assays may be functional assays, whereelectrophysiological assays (e.g., see Example 2) may be carried out intransfected mammalian cell lines, an insect cell line, or Xenopusoocytes to measure the various effects test compounds may have on theability of a known ligand (such as glutamate) to activate the channel,or for a test compound to modulate activity in and of itself (similar tothe effect of ivermectin on known GluCl channels). Therefore, theskilled artisan will be comfortable adapting the cDNA clones of thepresent invention to known methodology for both initial and secondaryscreens to select for compounds that bind and/or activate the functionalRsGluCl channels of the present invention.

A preferred method of identifying a modulator of a RsGluCl channelprotein comprise firstly contacting a test compound with a R.sanguiizeus RsGluCl channel protein selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6 and 8; and, secondly measuring the effect of thetest compound on the RsGluCl channel protein. A preferred aspectinvolves using a R. sanguineus RsGluCl protein which is a product of aDNA expression vector contained within a recombinant host cell.

Another preferred method of identifying a compound that modulatesRsGluCl glutamate-gated channel protein activity comprises firstlyinjecting into a host cell a population of nucleic acid molecules, atleast a portion of which encodes a R. sanguineus GluCl channel proteinselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6 and 8, suchthat expression of said portion of nucleic acid molecules results in anactive ligand-gated channel, secondly measuring host cellmembrane-current in the presence and absense of a test compound.Numerous templates may be used, including but not limited tocomplementary DNA, poly A⁺ messenger RNA and complementary RNA.

The DNA molecules, RNA molecules, recombinant protein and antibodies ofthe present invention may be used to screen and measure levels ofRsGluCl. The recombinant proteins, DNA molecules, RNA molecules andantibodies lend themselves to the formulation of kits suitable for thedetection and typing of RsGluCl. Such a kit would comprise acompartmentalized carrier suitable to hold in close confinement at leastone container. The carrier would further comprise reagents such asrecombinant RsGluCl or anti-RsGluCl antibodies suitable for detectingRsGluCl. The carrier may also contain a means for detection such aslabeled antigen or enzyme substrates or the like.

The assays described herein can be carried out with cells that have beentransiently or stably transfected with RsGluCl. The expression vectormay be introduced into host cells via any one of a number of techniquesincluding but not limited to transformation, transfection, protoplastfusion, and electroporation. Transfection is meant to include any methodknown in the art for introducing RsGluCl into the test cells. Forexample, transfection includes calcium phosphate or calcium chloridemediated transfection, lipofection, infection with a retroviralconstruct containing RsGluCl, and electroporation. The expressionvector-containing cells are individually analyzed to determine whetherthey produce RsGluCl protein. Identification of RsGluCl expressing cellsmay be done by several means, including but not limited to immunologicalreactivity with anti-RsGluCl antibodies, labeled ligand binding, or thepresence of functional, non-endogenous RsGluCl activity.

The specificity of binding of compounds showing affinity for RsGluCl isshown by measuring the affinity of the compounds for recombinant cellsexpressing the cloned receptor or for membranes from these cells.Expression of the cloned receptor and screening for compounds that bindto RsGluCl or that inhibit the binding of a known, ligand of RsGluCl tothese cells, or membranes prepared from these cells, provides aneffective method for the rapid selection of compounds with high affinityfor RsGluCl. Such ligands need not necessarily be radiolabeled but canalso be nonisotopic compounds that can be used to displace boundradioactively, fluorescently or enzymatically labeled compounds or thatcan be used as activators in functional assays. Compounds identified bythe above method are likely to be agonists or antagonists of RsGluCl.

Therefore, the specificity of binding of compounds having affinity forRsGluCl is shown by measuring the affinity of the compounds forrecombinant cells expressing the cloned receptor or for membranes fromthese cells. Expression of the cloned receptor and screening forcompounds that bind to RsGluCl or that inhibit the binding of a known,radiolabeled ligand of RsGluCl (such as glutamate, ivernectin ornodulisporic acid) to these cells, or membranes prepared from thesecells, provides an effective method for the rapid selection of compoundswith high affinity for RsGluCl. Such ligands need not necessarily beradiolabeled but can also be nonisotopic compounds that can be used todisplace bound radioactively, fluorescently or enzymatically labeledcompounds or that can be used as activators in functional assays.Compounds identified by the above method again are likely to be agonistsor antagonists of RsGluCl. As noted elsewhere in this specification,compounds may modulate by increasing or attenuating the expression ofDNA or RNA encoding RsGluCl, or by acting as an agonist or antagonist ofthe RsGluCl receptor protein. Again, these compounds that modulate theexpression of DNA or RNA encoding RsGluCl or the biological functionthereof may be detected by a variety of assays. The assay may be asimple “yes/no” assay to determine whether there is a change inexpression or function. The assay may be made quantitative by comparingthe expression or function of a test sample with the levels ofexpression or function in a standard sample.

RsGluCl1 and/or 2 gated chloride channel functional assays measure oneor more ligand-gated chloride channel activities where the channel ismade up in whole, or in part, by the RsGluCl channel. RsGluCl channelactivity can be measured using the channel described herein by itself;or as a subunit in combination with one or more additional ligand-gatedchloride channel subunits (preferably one or more RsGluCl), where thesubunits combine together to provide functional channel activity. Assaysmeasuring RsGluCl-gated chloride channel activity include functionalscreening using ³⁶Cl, functional screening using patch clampelectrophysiology and functional screening using fluorescent dyes.Techniques for carrying out such assays in general are well known in theart. (See, for example, Smith et al., 1998, European Journal ofPharmacology 159:261-269; Gonzalez and Tsien, 1997, Chemistry & Biology4:269-277; Millar et al., 1994, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 258:307-314; Rauhet al., 1990 TiPS 11:325-329, and Tsien et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,661,035.) Functional assays can be performed using individualcompounds or preparations containing different compounds. A preparationcontaining different compounds where one or more compounds affectRsGluCl channel activity can be divided into smaller groups of compoundsto identify the compound(s) affecting RsGluCl channel activity. In an,embodiment of the present invention a test preparation containing atleast 10 compounds is used in a functional assay. Recombinantly producedRsGluCl channels present in different environments can be used in afunctional assay. Suitable environments include live cells and purifiedcell extracts containing the RsGluCl channel and an appropriate membranefor activity; and the use of a purified RsGluCl channel produced byrecombinant means that is introduced into a different environmentsuitable for measuring RsGluCl channel activity. RsGluCl derivatives canbe used to assay for compounds active at the channel and to obtaininformation concerning different regions of the channel. For example,RsGluCl channel derivatives can be produced where amino acid regions inthe native channel are altered and the effect of the alteration onchannel activity can be measured to obtain information regardingdifferent channel regions.

Expression of RsGluCl DNA may also be performed using in vitro producedsynthetic mRNA. Synthetic mRNA can be efficiently translated in variouscell-free systems, including but not limited to wheat germ extracts andreticulocyte extracts, as well as efficiently translated in cell basedsystems, including but not limited to microinjection into frog oocytes,with microinjection into frog oocytes being preferred.

Following expression of RsGluCl in a host cell, RsGluCl protein may berecovered to provide RsGluCl protein in active form. Several RsGluClprotein purification procedures are available and suitable for use.Recombinant RsGluCl protein may be purified from cell lysates andextracts by various combinations of, or individual application of saltfractionation, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydroxylapatite adsorption chromatography andhydrophobic interaction chromatography. In addition, recombinant RsGluClprotein can be separated from other cellular proteins by use of animmunoaffinity-column made with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodiesspecific for full-length RsGluCl protein, or polypeptide fragments ofRsGluCl protein.

Expression of RsGluCl DNA may also be performed using in vitro producedsynthetic mRNA. Synthetic mRNA can be efficiently translated in variouscell-free systems, including but not limited to wheat germ extracts andreticulocyte extracts, as well as efficiently translated in cell basedsystems, including but not limited to microinjection into frog oocytes,with microinjection into frog oocytes being preferred.

Following expression of RsGluCl in a host cell, RsGluCl protein may berecovered to provide RsGluCl protein in active form. Several RsGluClprotein purification procedures are available and suitable for use.Recombinant RsGluCl protein may be purified from cell lysates andextracts by various combinations of, or individual application of saltfractionation, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydroxylapatite adsorption chromatography andhydrophobic interaction chromatography. In addition, recombinant RsGluClprotein can be separated from other cellular proteins by use of animmunoaffinity column made with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodiesspecific for full-length RsGluCl protein, or polypeptide fragments ofRsGluCl protein.

Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be raised against RsGluCl1 orRsGluCl2 or a synthetic peptide (usually from about 9 to about 25 aminoacids in length) from a portion of RsGluCl or RsGluCl2 as disclosed inSEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6 and/or 8. Monospecific antibodies to RsGluCl arepurified from mammalian antisera containing antibodies reactive againstRsGluCl or are prepared as monoclonal antibodies reactive with RsGluClusing the technique of Kohler and Milstein (1975, Nature 256: 495-497).Monospecific antibody as used herein is defined as a single antibodyspecies or multiple antibody species with homogenous bindingcharacteristics for RsGluCl. Homogenous binding as used herein refers tothe ability of the antibody species to bind to a specific antigen orepitope, such as those associated with RsGluCl, as described above.Human RsGluCl-specific antibodies are raised by immunizing animals suchas mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, goats, horses and the like, with anappropriate concentration of RsGluCl protein or a synthetic peptidegenerated from a portion of RsGluCl with or without an immune adjuvant.

Preimmune serum is collected prior to the first immunization. Eachanimal receives between about 0.1 mg and about 1000 mg of RsGluClprotein associated with an acceptable immune adjuvant. Such acceptableadjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's complete, Freund'sincomplete, alum-precipitate, water in oil emulsion containingCorynebacterium parvum and tRNA. The initial immunization consists ofRsGluCl protein or peptide fragment thereof in, preferably, Freund'scomplete adjuvant at multiple sites either subcutaneously (SC),intraperitoneally (IP) or both. Each animal is bled at regularintervals, preferably weekly, to determine antibody titer. The animalsmay or may not receive booster injections following the initialimmunization. Those animals receiving booster injections are generallygiven an equal amount of RsGluCl in Freund's incomplete adjuvant by thesame route. Booster injections are given at about three week intervalsuntil maximal titers are obtained. At about 7 days after each boosterimmunization or about weekly after a single immunization, the animalsare bled, the serum collected, and aliquots are stored at about −20° C.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reactive with RsGluCl are prepared byimmunizing inbred mice, preferably Balb/c, with RsGluCl protein. Themice are immunized by the IP or SC route with about 1 mg to about 100mg, preferably about 10 mg, of RsGluCl protein in about 0.5 ml buffer orsaline incorporated in an equal volume of an acceptable adjuvant, asdiscussed above. Freund's complete adjuvant is preferred. The micereceive an initial immunization on day 0 and are rested for about 3 toabout 30 weeks. Immunized mice are given one or more boosterimmunizations of about 1 to about 100 mg of RsGluCl in a buffer solutionsuch as phosphate buffered saline by the intravenous (IV) route.Lymphocytes, from antibody positive mice, preferably spleniclymphocytes, are obtained by removing spleens from immunized mice bystandard procedures known in the art. Hybridoma cells are produced bymixing the splenic lymphocytes with an appropriate fusion partner,preferably myeloma cells, under conditions which will allow theformation of stable hybridomas. Fusion partners may include, but are notlimited to: mouse myelomas P3/NS1 μg 4-1; MPC-11; S-194 and Sp 2/0, withSp 210 being preferred. The antibody producing cells and myeloma cellsare fused in polyethylene glycol, about 1000 mol. wt., at concentrationsfrom about 30% to about 50%. Fused hybridoma cells are selected bygrowth in hypoxanthine, thymidine and aminopterin supplementedDulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) by procedures known in the art.Supernatant fluids are collected form growth positive wells on aboutdays 14, 18, and 21 and are screened for antibody production by animmunoassay such as solid phase immunoradioassay (SPIRA) using RsGluClas the antigen. The culture fluids are also tested in the Ouchterlonyprecipitation assay to determine the isotype of the mAb. Hybridoma cellsfrom antibody positive wells are cloned by a technique such as the softagar technique of MacPherson, 1973, Soft Agar Techniques, in TissueCulture Methods and Applications, Kruse and Paterson, Eds., AcademicPress.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced in vivo by injection of pristineprimed Balb/c mice, approximately 0.5 ml per mouse, with about 2×10⁶ toabout 6×10⁶ hybridoma cells about 4 days after priming. Ascites fluid iscollected at approximately 8-12 days after cell transfer and themonoclonal antibodies are purified by techniques known in the art.

In vitro production of anti-RsGluCl mAb is carried out by growing thehybridoma in DMEM containing about 2% fetal calf serum to obtainsufficient quantities of the specific mAb. The mAb are purified bytechniques known in the art.

Antibody titers of ascites or hybridoma culture fluids are determined byvarious serological or immunological assays which include, but are notlimited to, precipitation, passive agglutination, enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent antibody (ELISA) technique and radioimmunoassay (RIA)techniques. Similar assays are used to detect the presence of RsGluCl inbody fluids or tissue and cell extracts.

It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the abovedescribed methods for producing monospecific antibodies may be utilizedto produce antibodies specific for RsGluCl peptide fragments, or arespective full-length RsGluCl.

RsGluCl antibody affinity columns are made, for example, by adding theantibodies to Affigel-10 (Biorad), a gel support which is pre-activatedwith N-hydroxysuccinimide esters such that the antibodies form covalentlinkages with the agarose gel bead support. The antibodies are thencoupled to the gel via amide bonds with the spacer arm. The remainingactivated esters are then quenched with 1M ethanolamine HCl (pH 8). Thecolumn is washed with water followed by 0.23 M glycine HCl (pH 2.6) toremove any non-conjugated antibody or extraneous protein. The column isthen equilibrated in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.3) and the cellculture supernatants or cell extracts containing full-length RsGluCl orRsGluCl protein fragments are slowly passed through the column. Thecolumn is then washed with phosphate buffered saline until the opticaldensity (A₂₈₀) falls to background, then the protein is eluted with 0.23M glycine-HCl (pH 2.6). The purified RsGluCl protein is then dialyzedagainst phosphate buffered saline.

The present invention also relates to a non-human transgenic animalwhich is useful for studying the ability of a variety of compounds toact as modulators of RsGluCl, or any alternative functional RsGluClchannel in vivo by providing cells for culture, in vitro. In referenceto the transgenic animals of this invention, reference is made totransgenes and genes. As used herein, a transgene is a genetic constructincluding a gene. The transgene is integrated into one or morechromosomes in the cells in an animal by methods known in the art. Onceintegrated, the transgene is carried in at least one place in thechromosomes of a transgenic animal. Of course, a gene is a nucleotidesequence that encodes a protein, such as one or a combination of thecDNA clones described herein. The gene and/or transgene may also includegenetic regulatory elements and/or structural elements known in the artA type of target cell for transgene introduction is the embryonic stemcell (ES). ES cells can be obtained from pre-implantation embryoscultured in vitro and fused with embryos (Evans et al., 1981, Nature292:154-156; Bradley et al., 1984, Nature 309:255-258; Gossler et al.,1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9065-9069; and Robertson et al.,1986 Nature 322:445-448). Transgenes can be efficiently introduced intothe ES cells by a variety of standard techniques such as DNAtransfection, microinjection, or by retrovirus-mediated transduction.The resultant transformed ES cells can thereafter be combined withblastocysts from a non-human animal. The introduced ES cells thereaftercolonize the embryo and contribute to the germ line of the resultingchimeric animal (Jaenisch, 1988, Science 240: 1468-1474). It will alsobe within the purview of the skilled artisan to produce transgenic orknock-out invertebrate animals (e.g., C. elegans) which express theRsGluCl transgene in a wild type C. elegans GluCl background as well inC. elegans mutants knocked out for one or both of the C. elegans GluClsubunits.

Pharmaceutically useful compositions comprising modulators of RsGluClmay be formulated according to known methods such as by the admixture ofa pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of such carriers andmethods of formulation may be found in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences. To form a pharmaceutically acceptable composition suitable foreffective administration, such compositions will contain an effectiveamount of the protein, DNA, RNA, modified RsGluCl, or either RsGluClagonists or antagonists including tyrosine kinase activators orinhibitors.

Therapeutic or diagnostic compositions of the invention are administeredto an individual in amounts sufficient to treat or diagnose disorders.The effective amount may vary according to a variety of factors such asthe individual's condition, weight, sex and age. Other factors includethe mode of administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be provided to the individual by avariety of routes such as subcutaneous, topical, oral and intramuscular.

The term “chemical derivative” describes a molecule that containsadditional chemical moieties which are not normally a part of the basemolecule. Such moieties may improve the solubility, half-life,absorption, etc. of the base molecule. Alternatively the moieties mayattenuate undesirable side effects of the base molecule or decrease thetoxicity of the base molecule. Examples of such moieties are describedin a variety of texts, such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Compounds identified according to the methods disclosed herein may beused alone at appropriate dosages. Alternatively, co-administration orsequential administration of other agents may be desirable.

The present invention also has the objective of providing suitabletopical, oral, systemic and parenteral pharmaceutical formulations foruse in the novel methods of treatment of the present invention. Thecompositions containing compounds identified according to this inventionas the active ingredient can be administered in a wide variety oftherapeutic dosage forms in conventional vehicles for administration.For example, the compounds can be administered in such oral dosage formsas tablets, capsules (each including timed release and sustained releaseformulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, solutions,suspensions, syrups and emulsions, or by injection. Likewise, they mayalso be administered in intravenous (both bolus and infusion),intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical with or without occlusion, orintramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinaryskill in the pharmaceutical arts.

Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administeredin a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered individed doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, compoundsfor the present invention can be administered in intranasal form viatopical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes,using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those ofordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of atransdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course,be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

For combination treatment with more than one active agent, where theactive agents are in separate dosage formulations, the active agents canbe administered concurrently, or they each can be administered atseparately staggered times.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention isselected in accordance with a variety of factors including type,species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; theseverity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration;the renal, hepatic and cardiovascular function of the 1 patient; and theparticular compound thereof employed. A physician or veterinarian ofordinary skill can readily determine and prescribe the effective amountof the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of thecondition. Optimal precision in achieving concentrations of drug withinthe range that yields efficacy without toxicity requires a regimen basedon the kinetics of the drug's availability to target sites. Thisinvolves a consideration of the distribution, equilibrium, andelimination of a drug.

The following examples are provided to illustrate the present inventionwithout, however, limiting the same hereto.

EXAMPLE 1 β Isolation and Characterization of DNA Molecules EncodingRsGluCl and RsGluCl2

Most molecular procedures were performed following standard proceduresavailable in references such as Ausubel et. al. (1992. Short protocolsin molecular biology. F. M. Ausubel et al.,—2^(nd). ed. (John Wiley &Sons), and Sambrook et al. (1989. Molecular cloning. A laboratorymanual. J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis—2^(nd) ed. (ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press).

RsGluCl1—Adult brown dog tick polyA⁺ RNA was isolated using thePoly(A)Pure™ mRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion). Tick cDNA was synthesizedusing oligo-dT primers and the ZAP cDNA® Synthesis Kit (Stratagene), andcDNA >1 kb was selected using cDNA Size Fractionation Columns (BRL). Atick cDNA library was constructed in the Lambda ZAP® II vector using theGIGAPACK™ III Gold Cloning Kit (Stratagene). A Drosophila GluCl cDNAfragment spanning the M1 to M3 region was used in a low-stringencyscreen [25% v/v formamide/5×SSCP (1XSSCP=120 mM NaCl/15 mM sodiumcitrate/20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8)/0.1% SDS/10×Denhardt'ssolution/salmon sperm DNA (250 μg/ml) at 42° C.; wash, 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDSat 42° C.] of the tick cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of theprobe is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′ATTACTTAATACAAATTTATATACCATGCTGTATGTTGGTCATTGTATCATGGGTATCATTCTGGCTGGATCAAGGAGCAGTACCGGCGCGAGTGTCACTGGGTGTCACCACCCTGCTGACCATGGCCACCCAGACGTCGGGCATAAACGCCTCCCTGCCGCCCGTTTCCTATACGAAGGCCATCGATGTGTGGACAGGCGTGTGTCTGACGTTCGTGTTCGGGGCCCTGCTCGAGTTCGCCCTGGT G-3′.Filters were exposed for eleven days and six positives were isolated forsequence analysis. Three of the clones (T12, T82 and 132) encodeGluCl-related proteins and were sequenced on both strands.

RsGluCl2-Poly (A)⁺ RNA was isolated from brown dog tick heads. Firststrand cDNA was synthesized from 50 ng RNA using a SUPERSCRITpreamplification System (Life Technologies). A tenth of the first strandreaction was used for PCR. The degenerate oligos utilized were designedbased on sequences obtained from C. elegans, Drosophila, and flea (C.felis) GluCls:

Forward (27F2): (SEQ ID NO: 9)GGAT(G/T)CCNGA(C/T)N(C/T)NTT(C/T)TTNN(A/C)NA(A/C) (C/T)G; Reverse 1(3AF1): (SEQ ID NO: 10) CNA(A/G) (A/C)A(A/G)NGCNC(A/C)GAANA(C/T) (A/G)AA(C/T)G; Reverse 2 (3AF2): (SEQ ID NO: 11) CAN(A/G)CNCCN(A/G)(G/T)CCANAC(A/G)TCNA(C/T)N (A/G)C.Two PCR rounds, using the combinations “27F2+3AF1, then 27F2+3BF2” wereperformed. The cycles were as follow: 1× (95° C. for 120 sec.), then 30×(95° C. for 45 sec.; 50° C. for 90 sec.; and 72° C. for 120 sec.), then1× (72° C. for 120 sec.). Reagents were from Life Technology Inc. Theoligonucleotide concentration was 5 μM. One tenth of the PCR reactionproducts was tested by Southern blot analysis, in order to identify andprevent the PCR-cloning of contaminating sequences. Novel PCR productsof the appropriate size were cloned into the PCR2.1 plasmid vector usinga “TA” cloning kit Invitrogen, Inc.). Following sequence analysis (ABIPrism, PE Applied Biosystems), selected PCR clone inserts wereradiolabelled and used as probes to screen a cDNA library generated intothe Uni-ZAP® vector (Stratagene, Inc.) from using the RNA preparationmentioned above. Sequences from full-length cDNA clones were analysedusing the GCG Inc. package. Subcloning of RsGluCl2 into a mammalianexpression vector was done by excision of an 1.85 kbcoding-region-containing fragment (XhoI-EcoRI digest) from the originalinsert of clone RsGluCl2 B1 from the UniZap® pBS plasmid, followed byligation into the TetSplice® vector (Life Technologies Inc.). cDNAclones T12 and T82 are identical in the coding region except for asingle nucleotide difference resulting in a single amino acidsubstitution which is probably a naturally occurring polymorphism. TheT32 clone has 2 additional exons not present in the T12 and T82 cDNAs,one is near the 5′ end of the coding region (135 bp exon) and the otheris in the M3-M4 intracellular linker (96 bp exon). Additionally, theseoptional exons are not included in DrosGluCl-1 ORF. These cDNA clonesare also denoted as RsGluCl-1L (T32-2.48 kb) and RsGluCl-1S (T12 andT82-2.126 kb). The predicted RsGluCl-1S protein is approximately 71%identical to the DrosGluCl1 protein.

EXAMPLE 2 Functional Expression of RsGluCl1 and RsGluCl2 clones inXenopus Oocytes

Xenopus laevis oocytes were prepared and injected using standard methodspreviously described [Arena, J P., Liu, K. K., Paress, P. S. & Cully, D.P. Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 368-374 (1991); Arena, J. P., Liu, K. K., Paress,P. S., Schaeffer, J. M. & Cully, D. F., Mol. Brain. Res. 15, 339-348(1992)]. Adult female Xenopus laevis were anesthetized with 0.17%tricaine methanesulfonate and the ovaries were surgically removed andplaced in a solution consisting of (mM): NaCl 825, KCl 2, MgCl₂ 1, HEPES5, NaPyruvate 2.5, Penicillin G. 100,000 units/L, Streptomycin Sulfate1000 mg/L, pH 7.5 (Mod. OR-2). Ovarian lobes were broken open, rinsedseveral times in Mod. OR-2, and incubated in 0.2% collagenase (Sigma,Type1) in Mod. OR-2 at room temperature with gentle shaking. After 1hour the collagenase solution was renewed and the oocytes were incubatedfor an additional 30-90 min until approximately 50% of the oocytes werereleased from the ovaries. Stage V and VI oocytes were selected andplaced in media containing (mM): NaCl 96, KCl 2, MgCl₂ 1, CaCl₂ 1.8,HEPES 5, NaPyruvate 2.5, theophylline 0.5, gentamicin 50 mg/ml, pH 7.5(ND-96) for 16-24 hours before injection. Oocytes were injected with 50nl of Dv8, Dv9, RsGluCl1 or RsGluCl2 RNA at a concentration of 0.2mg/ml. Oocytes were incubated at 18° C. for 1-6 days in ND-96 beforerecording.

Recordings were made at room temperature in modified ND-96 consisting of(mM: NaCl 96, MgCl₂ 1, CaCl₂ 0.1, BaCl₂ 3.5, HEPES 5, pH 7.5. Oocyteswere voltage clamped using a Dagan CA1 two microelectrode amplifier(Dagan Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn.) interfaced to a Macintosh7100/80 computer. The current passing electrode was filled with 0.7 μMKCl, 1.7 M KCitrate, and the voltage recording electrode was filled with1 M KCl. Throughout the experiment oocytes were superfused with modifiedND-96 (control solution) or with ND-96 containing potential channelactivators and blockers at a rate of approximately 3 ml/min. Data wereacquired at 100 Hz and filtered at 33.3 Hz using Pulse software fromHEKA Elektronik (Lambrecht, Germany). All recordings were performed froma holding potential of either 0 or −30 mV.

cRNA was synthesized from the RsGluCl 1S clone T12 and expressed inXenopus oocytes. The channel encoded by RsGluCl-1 is a glutamate-gatedchloride channel activated by IVM-PO₄.

FIG. 10 shows the glutamate-activated current in oocytes injected withRsGluCl1 T12 RNA. Current activation was maximal with 10 μM glutamateand no current was seen in uninjected oocytes. Application of 100 nMivermectin produces a similar although non-inactivating current.

FIG. 11 shows the activation by ivermectin of RsGluCl2 expressed inXenopus oocytes. Current activation was maximal with ˜1 μM ivermectinand glutamate failed to activate a current when expressed as a singlefunctional channel.

EXAMPLE 3 Functional Expression of RsGluCls Clones in Mammalian Cells

A RsGluCl may be subcloned into a mammalian expression vector and usedto transfect the mammalian cell line of choice. Stable cell clones areselected by growth in the presence of G418. Single G418 resistant clonesare isolated and tested to confirm the presence of an intact RsGluClgene. Clones containing the RsGluCls are then analyzed for expressionusing immunological techniques, such as immunoprecipitation, Westernblot, and immunofluorescence using antibodies specific to the RsGluClproteins, Antibody is obtained from rabbits innoculated with peptidesthat are synthesized from the amino acid sequence predicted from theRsGluCl sequences. Expression is also analyzed using patch clampelectrophysiological techniques and an anion flux assay.

Cells that are expressing RsGluCl stably or transiently, are used totest for expression of active channel proteins. These cells are used toidentify and examine other compounds for their ability to modulate,inhibit or activate the respective channel.

Cassettes containing the RsGluCl cDNA in the positive orientation withrespect to the promoter are ligated into appropriate restriction sites3′ of the promoter and identified by restriction site mapping and/orsequencing. These cDNA expression vectors may be introduced intofibroblastic host cells, for example, COS-7 (ATCC# CRL1651), and CV-1tat [Sackevitz et al., 1987, Science 238: 1575], 293, L (ATCC# CRL6362)by standard methods including but not limited to electroporation, orchemical procedures (cationic liposomes, DEAE dextran, calciumphosphate). Transfected cells and cell culture supernatants can beharvested and analyzed for RsGluCl expression as described herein.

All of the vectors used for mammalian transient expression can be usedto establish stable cell lines expressing RsGluCl. Unaltered RsGluClcDNA constructs cloned into expression vectors are expected to programhost cells to make RsGluCl protein. In addition, RsGluCl is expressedextracellularly as a secreted protein by ligating RsGluCl cDNAconstructs to DNA encoding the signal sequence of a secreted protein.The transfection host cells include, but are not limited to, CV-1-P[Sackevitz et al., 1987, Science 238: 1575], tk-L [Wigler, et al., 1977,Cell 11: 223], NS/0, and dHFr-CHO [Kaufman and Sharp, 1982, J. Mol.Biol. 159: 601].

Co-transfection of any vector containing a RsGluCl cDNA with a drugselection plasmid including, but not limited to G418, aminoglycosidephosphotransferase; hygromycin, hygromycin-B phosphotransferase; APRT,xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase, will allow for theselection of stably transfected clones. Levels of RsGluCl arequantitated by the assays described herein. RsGluCl cDNA constructs wayalso be ligated into vectors containing amplifiable drug-resistancemarkers for the production of mammalian cell clones synthesizing thehighest possible levels of RsGluCl. Following introduction of theseconstructs into cells, clones containing the plasmid are selected withthe appropriate agent, and isolation of an over-expressing clone with ahigh copy number of plasmids is accomplished by selection withincreasing doses of the agent. The expression of recombinant RsGluCl isachieved by transfection of full-length RsGluCl cDNA into a mammalianhost cell.

EXAMPLE 4 Cloning of RsGluCl cDNA into a Baculovirus Expression Vectorfor Expression in Insect Cells

Baculovirus vectors, which are derived from the genome of the AcNPVvirus, are designed to provide high level expression of cDNA in the Sf9line of insect cells (ATCC CRL# 1711). A recombinant baculoviruseexpressing RsGluCl cDNA is produced by the following standard methods(In Vitrogen Maxbac Manual): The RsGluCl cDNA constructs are ligatedinto the polyhedrin gene in a variety of baculovirus transfer vectors,including the pAC360 and the BlueBac vector (InVitrogen). Recombinantbaculoviruses are generated by homologous recombination followingco-transfection of the baculovirus transfer vector and linearized AcNPVgenomic DNA [Kitts, 1990, Nuc. Acid. Res. 18: 5667] into Sf9-cells.Recombinant pAC360 viruses are identified by the absence of inclusionbodies in infected cells and recombinant pBlueBac viruses are identifiedon the basis of b-galactosidase expression (Summers, M. D. and Smith, G.E., Texas Agriculture Exp. Station Bulletin No. 1555). Following plaquepurification, RsGluCl expression is measured by the assays describedherein.

The cDNA encoding the entire open reading frame for RsGluCl GluCl isinserted into the BamHI site of pBlueBacII. Constructs in the positiveorientation are identified by sequence analysis and used to transfectSf9 cells in the presence of linear AcNPV mild type DNA.

EXAMPLE 5 Cloning of RsGluCl cDNA into a Yeast Expression Vector

Recombinant RsGluCl is produced in the yeast S. cerevisiae following theinsertion of the optimal RsGluCl cDNA cistron into expression vectorsdesigned to direct the intracellular or extracellular expression ofheterologous proteins. In the case of intracellular expression, vectorssuch as EmBLyex4 or the like are ligated to the RsGluCl cistron [Rinas,et al., 1990, Biotechnology 8: 543-545; Horowitz B. et al., 1989, J.Biol. Chem. 265: 41894192]. For extracellular expression, the RsGluClGluCl cistron is ligated into yeast expression vectors which fuse asecretion signal (a yeast or mammalian peptide) to the NH₂ terminus ofthe RsGluCl protein [Jacobson, 1989, Gene 85: 511-516; Riett and Bellon,1989, Biochem. 28: 2941-2949].

These vectors include, but are not limited to pAVE1-6, which fuses thehuman serum albumin signal to the expressed cDNA [Steep, 1990,Biotechnology 8: 4246], and the vector pL8PL which fuses the humanlysozyme signal to the expressed cDNA [Yamamoto, Biochem. 28:2728-2732)]. In addition, RsGluCl is expressed in yeast as a fusionprotein conjugated to ubiquitin utilizing the vector pVEP [Ecker, 1989,J. Biol. ChenL 264: 7715-7719, Sabin, 1989 Biotechnology 7: 705-709,McDonnell, 1989, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 5517-5523 (1989)]. The levels ofexpressed RsGluCl are determined by the assays described herein.

EXAMPLE 6 Purification of Recombinant RsGluCl

Recombinantly produced RsGluCl may be purified by antibody affinitychromatography. RsGluCl GluCl antibody affinity columns are made byadding the anti-RsGluCl GluCl antibodies to Affigel-10 (Biorad), a gelsupport which is pre-activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters suchthat the antibodies form covalent linkages with the agarose gel beadsupport. The antibodies are then coupled to the gel via amide bonds withthe spacer arm. The remaining activated esters are then quenched with 1Methanolamine HCl (pH 8). The column is washed with water followed by0.23 M glycine HCl (pH 2.6) to remove any non-conjugated antibody orextraneous protein. The column is then equilibrated in phosphatebuffered saline (pH 7.3) together with appropriate membrane solubilizingagents such as detergents and the cell culture supernatants or cellextracts containing solubilized RsGluCl are slowly passed through thecolumn. The column is then washed with phosphate-buffered salinetogether with detergents until the optical density (A280) falls tobackground, then the protein is eluted with 0.23 M glycine-HCl (pH 2.6)together with detergents. The purified RsGluCl protein is then dialyzedagainst phosphate buffered saline.

1-39. (canceled)
 40. A method of identifying a modulator of a GluClchannel protein, comprising: (a) contacting a test compound with a R.sanguineus GluCl channel protein selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6; and SEQ ID NO:8; and, (b)measuring the effect of the test compound on the GluCl channel protein.41. The method of claim 40 wherein the R. sanguineus GluCl protein ofstep (a) is a product of a DNA expression vector contained within arecombinant host cell.
 42. A method of identifying a compound thatmodulates glutamate-gated channel protein activity, which comprises: a)injecting into a host cell solution a population of nucleic acidmolecules, at least of portion of which encodes a R. sanguineus GluClchannel protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, and SEQ ID NO:8 such that expression of saidportion of nucleic acid molecules results in an active glutamate-gatedchannel; b) adding a test compound into said solution; and, c) measuringhost cell membrane current at a holding potential more positive than thereversal potential for chloride.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein saidnucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting ofcomplementary DNA, poly A+ messenger RNA and complementary RNA.